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tion in general, and also for the whole realm of hydroelectric technology. Documented variations in temperature yielded values arithmetically too s mall for any noteworthy effect on the results to be inferred. It must be emphasised that the internal variations in water temperature are a result of the differences between the temperature of the water and the medium surrounding it. If internal variations in water temperature are ignored, then the signifi- cance of differences between water and air or external temperature and therefore the cause of the water cycle, will likewise be negated. No word can truly express the vital role of the water cycle for all life on the Earth. Of equal importance, if less obvious, are the effects of variations in tempera- ture within the water itself, as will be shown later. Up to now such variations have been disregarded as immaterial for the purposes of all hydraulic calcu- lation. Observations over many years, practical experiments and correctly carried-out measurements have proved that it is absolutely imperative to take internal variations in water temperature into account. Their very exclusion - elimination is out of the question - makes all practical use and exploitation of water impossible. The understanding alone of the important effect of these vari- ations compels the reappraisal and revision of the fundamental bases of current- ly-held theories relating to the whole sphere of river engineering. A new, hitherto neglected, but extremely vital factor is now added: the changes induced in the inner state of water through the stratification result- ing from differences in temperature. Were this factor to be integrated into conventional theory, we would have to learn to reformulate our ideas about fundamental principles. There is another omission in contemporary theory about the formation of many springs. Apart from commonly-known seepage springs where water above impervious strata is brought to the surface by gravity, there are also springs, lying far above any possible accumulation of water, which, break- ing all known laws, surface rather like artesian wells much higher than the main water table. An example is a spring on the High Priel, which rises about 100m (330ft) below the summit, at an altitude of over 2,000m (6,500ft), and discharges water all year round.38 While it is not our purpose to explain the emergence of springs in general, the principles involved in these observations should be outlined briefly. In 38Mr Loew, a chief departmental engineer, also describes the following case: "In the Bukowina district a very cold, much sought-after spring, pro- ductive all year round, rose at the north-western base of one of the rock outcrops forming the summit of Mount Rareu. Since the immediate catchment area, considered to be the source of supply, amounted to only a few hectares, and both of the nearest higher peaks, the Dzamaleu and the Pictrossa, were separat- ed from the spring by depressions lying far below it, the question remains open as to the origin of the spring's strong and constant flow. Mount Rareu is forested on all sides right up to the spring." Extract from a letter by Viktor Schauberger to the editor of Die Wasserwirtschaft, vol.7, 1931, p.106. - Ed.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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