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the nature of things, as rainwater infiltrates the Earth's surface, it acquires the temperature of the strata through which it passes. Eventually it reaches a level with a temperature of +4°C (39.2°F). Naturally this decisive stratum (the centre stratum) is not horizontal, but roughly follows the configuration of the Earth's surface. The +4°C water impregnating it has a specific density of 1. Above and below the centre stratum the water gradually decreases in den- sity. This water is therefore confined between two strata of different densi- ties. Since their temperatures diverge from +4°C, they both endeavour to expand, thus exerting pressure on the centre stratum, which increases com- mensurately the greater the distance from this stratum. After the forces have reached equilibrium, the water in the centre stratum drains down the bed- gradient towards the lower side of the geological formation. The water stra- ta surrounding the centre stratum, however, are never exposed to the same pressure. Whichever of the two is exposed to greater pressure, it is forced back into the centre stratum. It re-acclimatises itself (to 4°C) and moves away down- wards. According to the configuration of the ground surface, one or other of the enclosing strata soon comes under greater pressure and hence the centre stratum is fed alternately from above and below. This is how it is possible for water to emerge as a spring at such heights. These high springs always exhibit temperatures very close to +4°C. The logical presumption is that the movement of spring water takes place within the centre stratum. The fact that water cannot be compressed at +4°C (39.2°F) may also play a certain role here - it must either yield to the pres- sure and make its way to the surface, or its temperature must adapt to the pressure. The latter occurs when the water in the centre stratum encounters an insurmountable obstacle. It is then absorbed into the neighbouring strata, and in this somewhat circuitous fashion it re-enters the centre-stratum by way of assimilation. Enormous quantities of water are raised to immense heights hourly (through evaporation) and equally large volumes of subterranean water are forced upwards or expressed as springs on the highest mountain peaks. In both cases it is the hitherto ignored differences in temperature that continu- ally disturb the state of equilibrium to such an extent. Small causes, too commonplace to be noticed, produce large effects. To return to the actual theme - the effect of internal variations in water temperature on the movement of the water itself: It must be pointed out that these differences in water temperature would appear totally to preclude any state of rest in the water-body itself. Even in apparently motionless water very considerable movements occur - they are able to set large quantities of logs in motion. If an ostensibly still stretch of water is exposed to the Sun on one side only, then an inclined plane (thermocline) is formed through thePDF Image | The Water Wizard
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