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warming of the water surface in the insolated area, which induces a flow towards the colder side and results in the formation of circulating currents. Therefore, even without a bed-gradient movement of the water takes place. When water, comprising strata of different temperatures and therefore of different densities, flows down a riverbed gradient, these layers travel alonggside and above each other for a long period without mixing. The move- ment of every single particle of water down a given gradient is linked to a very par- ticular velocity, which corresponds to its specific weight. If its specific weight is altered by the gradient (greater velocity, greater friction, increase in vol- ume), then the water is unable to adjust itself readily to the new velocity without a transitional phase. The same thing happens when the specific weight is modified by outside influences, such as solar radiation. The water breaks, or in more common parlance, becomes turbulent, which is the activation of a hitherto-unrecognised precision brake in moving water, which operates with marvellous automatici- ty and which is normally actuated by the external temperature. The greater flow-velocity in cool weather and during the night suffices to change the water's volume and weight. The temperature of all the water filaments approaces +4°C, and hence density 1. As a result their specific weight ought to conform to the increase in velocity - in which case a constant increase in the rate of flow should occur. However, through the increase in flow velocity, the friction between water particles themselves and between water particles and channel surfaces will be intensified, resulting in a rise in temperature and a consequent increase in volume. The picture thus emerges that: • on the one hand an increase in flow-velocity occurs, and on the other a decrease in specific weight; • the water filaments rupture and the water becomes 'turbulent'. • the forward motion of the water will be resolved into the formation of vortices. The greater the velocity of forward motion, the greater or more intense the formation of vortices. At a certain velocity this assumes such a violent nature that water can actually be atomised in the water-body itself, a phenome- non that manifests itself as a cloud-like formation. In summary it can therefore be stated that turbulence is the interruption of the forward motion of flowing water. It occurs in the axis of flow (the position of greatest increase in velocity) in conformity with natural law, and arises due to the fact that in water each and every specific weight corresponds to a particular velocity. Turbulence therefore represents the automatic activation of a compen-PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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