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water initially sinks to a certain depth and there becomes warmed and specifically lighter. Finally it is forced up to the surface again by the pres- sure from below and, provided it does not evaporate immediately, drains away along the riverbed-gradient. In this case we are concerned with a negative temperature gradient (water temperature lower than the surface-temperature of the ground). The full cycle no longer develops, but only a Half Cycle, namely precipitation of water earthwards, surface run-off, evaporation, cloud formation and re-pre- cipitation as rain. The following may throw more light on the temperature gradient and help in better understanding what is to be discussed later. When an initially-negative temperature gradient (warm earth, cold rain) is coupled with a simultaneous drop in atmospheric temperature, the ground can be cooled to such a degree that the temperature gradient ceases to exist. The same thing can also happen with an initially-positive temperature gradient, if the infiltrating water is of sufficient quantity to warm the ground. In both cases, when a zero temperature gradient occurs, the drainage is conditioned by the actual riverbed-gradient until such time as the temperature gradient is reinstat- ed through the action of friction and other factors. It is necessary in each instance to re-establish the required temperature gradient through the addition of water of the right temperature in order to brake the water's free and almost resistance-less flow down the inclined plane of a riverbed. The Groundwater Table The height of the groundwater table fluctuates according to the temperature of the ground strata, which are also affected by the temperature of infiltrat- ing water-masses. Air temperature also plays a major role. Where localised impoundment of water-masses occurs, cold bottom- water influences the temperature of surrounding ground strata. These are cooled, and in this way a stable, positive temperature gradient is created, since in this instance rainwater will always be warmer than the colder ground. These are the preconditions for the infiltration of rainwater. As a result, the groundwater table will not only be raised, but the absorptive capacity of the soil will also be increased laterally and vertically. The previously-described +4°C centre stratum in the groundwater will be displaced downwards owing to increased pressure from over-lying water- masses, thus overcoming the resistance to further downward penetration of warmer and specifically-lighter water lying below the centre stratum. This leads to the formation of a natural subterranean reservoir, a retention basin, which inhibits rapid surface drainage and gives rise to the full hydrologicalPDF Image | The Water Wizard
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