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The Drainage of Water The drainage of water below the ground surface (groundwater-flow) occurs as a result of pressures exerted from above and below in conjunction with temperature variations obtaining in the groundwater and the surrounding ground strata. What alone has been construed as groundwater flow up to now was merely the drainage of groundwater overlying an impervious layer - drainage which moves down its inclined surface until it is re-inte- grated into the full cycle. Water is able to discharge over the ground surface under two conditions: 1. With a negative temperature gradient (as described in Temperature Gradients - Full and Half Hydrological Cycles) this occurs immediately! 2. With a positive temperature gradient it takes place only after saturation has occurred, and the groundwater table rises towards the surface under the influence of the Sun's heat.43 This also explains a phenomenon often observed in the mountains: rainfall over several days causes no appreciable increase in the flow of water in the associated receiving streams. The rainwater is almost completely absorbed by the ground. Only after the onset of warmer weather does a flood-dis- charge enter receiving streams. Cold groundwater rises to the ground sur- face, which by this time has been warmed by the Sun and warm air. The earlier positive temperature gradient is transformed into a negative one; the water flows away. Country folk say "the mountain is pissing".44 In Case 1 above, the preconditions for the creation of floods are far greater and all the more so, if as a result of the direct run-off of water resulting from an initially negative temperature gradient in the ground (cooler higher stra- 43The Sun warms up air-strata lying above the Earth's surface, these expand, and becoming specifically lighter they stream upwards. The air pressure falls, and the state of equilibrium is disturbed. The pressure acting on the ground- water from below lifts it up until a new state of equilibrium can be established. The effect of the pressure from beneath is reinforced by the suck- ing effect of the rising air. This also explains why the groundwater table rises by day and falls by night, and why springs flow faster at night than by day - for with the general sinking of the groundwater at night, additional pres- sure is exerted on the +4°C centre-stratum, causing more water to be expressed either verti- cally or laterally. In just the same way, retention of groundwater on steep slopes is also to be attributed to the equilibrium-related phenome- na outlined above. - VS. 44"To give a more detailed example: in the sum- mer of 1920 it once rained incessantly for almost a week. At midday on Saturday it was bright and warm again. In spite of so much rain, no rise in the streams could be detected. At 4 o'clock on this Saturday afternoon, the author's 6 year-old son passed by the so-called 'Walls' in full sunlight on his way home from school. Towards evening the author also returned home in company with a man from the hunt. For no apparent reason a flash-flood suddenly burst forth, a rapid ascent of the rock- walls providing the only means of escape. This case is clearly fixed in the author's memory, because of the danger to which the child had been exposed. The reason why under certain preconditions flooding must occur after rainfall ceases were discovered only many years later, In this regard chief departmental engineerPDF Image | The Water Wizard
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