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where rising water vapour is produced almost uninterruptedly. In other words, a continuous contribution is made to the mass of atmospheric water and the recurrent precipitation associated with it. One flood therefore gives rise to the next. Basic Principles of River Regulation It is vitally important to achieve the proper conditions of discharge not only in the above sense, but also in the regulation of waterways and the forma- tion of their banks. The aim of contemporary river-regulation practice is to effect the fastest possible drainage of water, through bank-rectification and bank-stabilisation with artificial structures. This type of regulation, howev- er, is thoroughly one-sided and does not fulfil its purpose. It cannot and should not be the task of the river-engineer to correct Nature. Rather, in all watercourses requiring regulation, his job should be to investi- gate Nature's processes and to emulate Nature's examples of healthy streams. Here again the most crucial factor is the interrelation between water and air temperature, which cannot be disregarded in any regulation. The natural regulators of the drainage of water are forests and lakes. By cooling the ground in their immediate vicinity, forests create a permanent positive temperature gradient, resulting in the formation of groundwater reservoirs which have a delaying effect on rainwater discharge. Once again, cold springs issuing from these groundwater reservoirs quickly enter receiving streams, cool the main body of water and thereby inhibit premature evapo- ration as the water flows along the channel. The cyclical movement of water - the transfer of water from the ground to the atmosphere - will be slowed down and distributed spacially along the length of the watercourse. These cycles do not take place over relatively small areas, so that one fall of rain or one flood does not necessarily give rise to the next. Where forests have been felled and natural lakes are absent, it is necessary to create a substitute: an artificial impoundment of water, which must be cor- rectly built and properly operated. Only then can it bring about the specified functions of groundwater-recharge, detention of run-off and the creation of a proper temperature gradient. Indeed, impounded lakes are often built to enable the orderly management of water resources. However, these have not always proved satisfactory and have often achieved the opposite of what was desired. To be more specific: as constructed and operated today, impounded lakes are nothing more than storers of water. They collect the water and fulfil the function of rainwater detention, but almost always produce a half-cycle. The water remains on the ground surface (no infiltration) or evaporates soon after its release.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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