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Fundamental Principles of River Regulation - with due Regard to the Status of Temperature in Flowing Water [An article by Viktor Schauberger published in Die Wasserwirtschaft, the Austrian Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 24. 1930, pp. 498-502.] The most important factors affecting a waterway will now be addressed in broad outline and the techniques will be presented for regulating water- ways in ways that correspond to Nature's laws. Questions of detail will not be dealt with here. Turbulence Phenomena in Flowing Water When an ideal liquid flows down an inclined plane without friction, individ- ual filaments of the current ought to move along parallel to each other. Moreover, according to the law of gravity, this motion ought to accelerate uni- formly. This never happens in Nature, however, since friction occurs between liquid and channel surfaces and between particles of the liquid themselves. As energy is dissipated in this process, motion is no longer accelerated, but is uniform - if pulsations and other irregularities are discounted. In the case of a non-ideal, viscous liquid, as long as water-movement is stratified (laminar) - surface friction for the moment excluded - a certain amount of energy is transformed into heat. At a particular velocity, which varies according to water temperature, laminar motion transfers into a vorti- cose, turbulent one. With turbulent motion a certain amount of energy is also converted into heat, as was demonstrated by Barnes' and Coker's experi- ments,46 and a further amount of energy is dissipated through exchange of momenta. In this context Forchheimer states that47 "in vortical motion the more central flow is not only transformed into heat but also into vortices, and con- versely an acceleration of the more central motion can also possibly occur through a reduction in vortical activity, although no experimental evidence for this is avail- able". The author's own observations reveal that: - turbulence is at a minimum at a water temperature of +4°C (+39.2°F) under equal conditions and in identical profiles; 46See Forchheimer, Hydraulik, 1914, page 51. 47See Forchheimer, Hydraulik, 1914, page 27.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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