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Fig. 22:The alternation between positive & negative temperature gradients in a channel In this connection attention should also be drawn to phenomena related to the tractive force in unhealthy rivers. As was previously seen in the case of the torrente, when cold water-masses reach a warm valley floor, then the longitudinal profile shown below comes into being. This is due to the tem- perature gradient which at this point has become negative. From A to B the temperature gradient is negative with a major accretion of sediment at B, the point where the tractive force is weakest (see fig. 22). Here the water has attained its highest temperature. Due to the back-up at B caused by the deposition of sediment, an overfall with potholes and a train of horizontally-disposed vortices (barrel vortices) is formed immedi- ately downstream from B, creating areas of low temperature (pockets of heavy water) which are clearly identifiable. When the light water passes over the top of this colder heavy water it will be cooled from below and the temperature gradient will become positive over the short stretch up to C and from here the whole process is repeated. For a regulation to be carried out successfully, the alternation of tempera- ture gradients must now be extended over a greater distance, resulting in a more regular movement of sediment and the re-formation of the stream-bed into gentler wave-forms. The Regulation of Temperature Gradient The establishment of the correct temperature gradient is only possible under two conditions: • regulation of the temperature gradient through the construction of an impounded lake; • maintenanceofthetemperaturegradientthroughthecorrectformofprofile.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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