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On the first point: where topographical conditions permit and there are no problems with water rights, it is preferable to construct an impounded lake in the highest part of the river catchment area. With sufficient depth the lakewater becomes stratified according to its specific density, the lower-tem- perature water below and the higher-temperature water above. At the point of out-take, the dam wall can be so constructed that water of the required temperature can be drawn from the reservoir through the automatic mixing of water of different temperatures taken from various levels. This is made possible by means of a movable sluice gate, activated automatically by a floating caisson directly exposed to the Sun's radiation and the external air temperature, and which will thus automatically release a greater or lesser cross-section of the deeper water-strata (see fig. 23). In this way bottom-water can be mixed with surface water as circumstances demand. To this end, final adjustment of the floating caisson will be carried out after examination of climatic and other conditions, so that at all times the water leaves the dam at a temperature approximating the prevailing air temperature. Taking this factor into account, the temperature gradient in the sector of the channel decisive for regulation of the whole watercourse (usually the upper reaches) will become positive, with only a gradual and unavoidable transition to a negative temperature gradient. The point of transition and the progress of the change-over can thus be effected at the desired location, which will be selected such that mechanical influences will produce no adverse effects. The reversal of the temperature gradient no longer takes place over short distances, but over a desired longer stretch - and deposition of sediment will also no longer be precipitate, but will be distributed evenly along this greater length. Through the evening-out of the temperature gra- dient achieved in this way, only gentle modifications to the riverbed will occur instead of the haphazard dislocation of the channel geometry described previously, and conditions will be created which very closely approximate the mean annual temperature gradient and discharge. In connection with the second condition above: where impounded lakes cannot be built for some reason or other, attempts must be made to maintain a low water temperature for as long as possible - decisive for a positive tem- perature gradient - through the correct choice of channel profile. Such a pro- file was described under (b) above. The greatest attention must be paid to the horizontal development of the watercourse (sequence of river bends). For this reason the deeper part of the double-profile must be correctly posi- tioned in relation to depth and handing (left or right) at the river bend in order to maintain the central axis of the current and the proper alignment of the axes of the vortex-train. If the lower, decisive portion of the profile is properly established, then it also maintains its form and position in loose gravel, as is demonstrated by the gutters in the torrente.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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