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matically be maintained at a higher temperature than the quantities of bot- tom-water channelled over the external face of the wall. The residual warmer dam-water, in accordance with natural principles, can now readily infiltrate into the unrendered wall. The outcome of this procedure is the cre- ation of a positive temperature gradient in the wall - the water passing through the wall approaches +4°C en route from the water-side towards the air-side. As this water infiltrates and becomes increasingly colder with fur- ther penetration, the molecules of the wall contract. Becoming enlarged in this process, the wall-pores (voids between the wall-molecules) will be tra- versed by the water in a positive direction (positive temperature gradient) and according to natural law it precipitates its dissolved matter. Starting at the air-side, because of the lower temperatures on the external face, with progressive deposition towards the water-side the water blocks up the pores (sedimentation). If at the same time the wall-molecules are reduced to their smallest vol- ume, artificially-enlarged voids are silted up through deposition. If as a result no pores exist in the wall (for all practical purposes), then the pres- ence of any water is also impossible. Signs of fatigue, stresses and tempera- tures which are mutually intensified by pressure and tension are now also no longer possible. The dam-wall is now immune to the effects of tempera- ture. We are here concerned with similar conditions that can still be found today in the structures of the ancient Egyptians - poreless stones that have remained unchanged for thousands of years, for there too all water and therefore every possibility for movement in the wall have been eliminated. In fig. 25b the broken line indicates that over-trickling ought to have taken place from about mid-April to mid-November 1917. In this way the air-side of the wall can be insulated from temperatures above about 6°-7°C, and only minor fluctuations in the internal wall-temperatures can be achieved throughout the whole year, which will approximately follow those in fig. 26b. Over the greater part of the year the temperature gradient will be posi- tive and during the remainder only very weakly negative. In this case greater fluctuations in temperature gradient, roughly akin to fig. 26a, are completely eliminated. Therefore the condition where the water's sedimen- tating action predominates can always be engineered artificially - and through this the progressive consolidation of the wall. The constant maintenance of a cool exterior wall-surface through over- trickling offers even further advantages: residual curing temperatures of the concrete can be eliminated in a relatively short time. Variations in tempera- ture at the outer, air-side of the wall - often in excess of 40°C (104°F) during the year - will be prevented, hence averting the formation of surface hair- cracks, which foster the destructive action of frost. Regarding (2): As is commonly known, the action of frost on rocks andPDF Image | The Water Wizard
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