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for from those of horizon a-a, albeit minutely. This is because the processes of friction between the water and the wall in horizon b-b during flow will generally speaking be different from those in horizon a-a, due to the inho- mogeneity of the wall structure. The wall-particle m (see fig. 28), for example, is therefore affected by the various temperatures (t1, t2, t4, t5) and its self-temperature tm will experience a small change dtm. However, if dtm is positive, then the particle will expand and, due to its position in the wall, will do so at the expense of the spacial volume of the pores. The water present in the surrounding pores cannot flow away as fast, as this expansive movement occurs, and the water comes under pressure (the later flow of water from the water-side to the air- side becoming restricted owing to the increase in the volume of water-parti- cles associated with the rise in temperature)58. If the same process occurs with a greater number of neighbouring wall- particles simultaneously, then to a certain extent the sum total of these events can eventually lead to tensile stresses in the wall. The constant repeti- tion and intensification of this process during the period of a negative tem- perature gradient can give rise to unwelcome stresses and signs of fatigue in the wall-structure (for example, in the above example of the Waldecker Dam in the section TII to A: May-October). If on the other hand temperature decreases in the direction of flow (t1>t2>t3 or t4>t5>t6 - positive temperature gradient), then dtm will generally speaking be negative. The volume of wall-particle m, for example, will be reduced, and since the previously-described increase in volume occurred at 58Even in cases where the water-body is able to expand freely, with a rise in temperature the pressure of the pore-water against the pore- walls is inevitable, since, as mentioned earlier, the coefficient of expansion of water is 4.5 times greater than concrete. Pressures must become all the more intense when in the examined case the pore volumina do not increase in size with an increase in temperature, but actually become smaller. - VSPDF Image | The Water Wizard
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