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temperature."67 They point downstream when t h e external temperature devi- ates strongly from +4°C, and upstream when it dips sharply towards +4°C. At very particular temperatures the tips of these plants and mosses stand at right angles to the direction of the current. All these observations can only be made in water with healthy tempera- tures. If such waters are suddenly set out in the open, where clear-felling has been done along the riverbank, this state of well-balanced harmony dis- appears almost instantaneously. As a result, the watercourse changes colour and character, tears at its bed and banks, loosens sediment, and in areas prone to torrential flows degenerates into a torrent. Whatever measures are undertaken to avert the dangers associated with such channels in the event of elemental disturbances is described as 'torrent confinement'. In reality, however, these merely endow it with even greater dimensions and inaugu- rate new perils. The same applies to river and stream regulation. We referred earlier to the regulatory works on the lower Danube, where today 950,000 hectares have been transformed into a flood plain - which have thus become useless as agricultural land. In the Neue Freie Presse (New Free Press) Professor Vidrasku wrote: "Unfortunately, in the belief that construction of huge dams on the banks of the Danube would suffice, works were begun without having studied the problem in sufficient detail". He continues: "If we were to eliminate flooding with massive, high dams, and no longer permit inundation of the flood plain, then the floodwater would rise so high that all our river-ports and all riparian settle- ments along the Danube would be under water. Moreover, river and lake naviga- tion, which even today is unsatisfactory, would be significantly impaired, and the dams themselves would offer no additional security." Another excellent and informative example of intolerable artificially-cre- ated conditions is the raising of the Rhine bed at Salez. The cross-section of the valley shows that the Rhine flows along an elevated strip of land, its bed lying up to 4m (13ft) above the lowest level of the valley, and its 1890 flood- water peak 7-8m (23-26ft) above the lowest point of the valley, ultimately intersecting the rooftops of the villages in the lowlands. With good reason Mr Otto Rappolt, a chief government surveyor, states in his book River Engineering (Flussbau - Goschen Sammlung) that: "The deforestation of the catchment area and the system of river realigment is to be considered the principal cause of this hazardous predicament. Thus every impor- tant river in Europe provides us with sufficient cause to consider the consequences 67Many people may perhaps have already noticed that a small boat, anchored to the bank, shifts its position with the Sun, and can even float upstream, broadside to the current, or that a vessel of almost any description (from a row- ing boat to a ship) attached to a buoy always points in different directions during the course of the day. These examples naturally only apply in calm weather. - VSPDF Image | The Water Wizard
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