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walls and edges of the riverbank generates slight eddies and hence counter- currents at the above contact surfaces. This is as a result of localised exceed- ing of critical velocity relative to water temperature, induced by frictional heat. The prerequisite for such a counter-current is a difference between the influences of the outside temperature and that of the ground.68 The lower the temperature of the central mass of core-water, the greater the relative rate of flow. In the same relative proportion this now triggers off a reaction on the riverbed and banks through mechanical and physical impulses in the form of counter-currents. If the proper proportions between temperature, mass and riverbed gradient should now exist, then the precon- ditions for the unstable state of equilibrium of the water-masses would be met. This state, however, is virtually impossible. If the riverbed gradient is too slight for the prevailing water temperatures, then removal occurs - or in the opposite case, accretion. The riverbed gradient therefore adjusts itself according to the temperature gradient, whose constancy will again remain undisturbed as long as protecting forest continues to exist in its proper mea- sure and composition (presence of cold affluent streams). The preservation of the watercourse is thus exclusively dependent on the proper conservation of the forest, and the necessity to regulate waterways today is therefore a consequence of unnatural forest management. Should it now be contended that the forest would in any case have to be cleared for agriculture, then it is to be countered that this is quite in order up to a cer- tain extent, on condition that suitable substitutes (properly constructed reservoirs and river profiles) can be provided in lieu of forest. In the absence of forest these substitutes must be capable of constantly maintaining the essential stable state of river equilibrium. Under such preconditions, the previously-described phenomena observed in the behaviour of aquatic plants will also be reproduced. If these plants should now incline up- or down-stream, then it is merely the effect of slight fluctuations and rearrangements of the temperature gradient. If the tips of mosses stand motionless and perpendicular to the direction of the current, like a needle on the scales pointing towards zero, then in this way they affirm the existence of the proper conditions for equilibrium. The formation of minor eddies (counter-currents) described above continues to take place in the proper measure for as long as the correct conditions of temperature prevail in the main body of water. If, after the removal of forest, the water is exposed to the direct light of the 68It could be construed from this that if water, riverbank and air temperatures are equal, then the tendency for the formation of such counter- currents would diminish. Thus, if the riverbank and air temperatures were to cool in step with the increase in flow-velocity then, natural obstacles apart, turbulence due to the exceeding of critical velocity relative to water-temperature would be reduced to a minimum. - Ed.PDF Image | The Water Wizard
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