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rearrangement of the temperature gradient. The increase in energy required to dislodge and transport the sediment in the lower reaches is achieved through the introduction of cold water from shorter affluent streams, with which the water temperature of the main channel becomes reduced. Even Weyrauch, in his book Hydraulic Calculation, admits that without affluent streams the boundary condition of the tractive force decreases. In view of the above explanation, this phenomenon would appear to be quite self-evident. From a mechanical point of view, according to Poseille's equation, the associated increase in internal viscosity increases by the square with a decrease in temperature, in the equation P = 16*pi* Y av where P remains constant due to the increase in the magnitude of Y, a lesser velocity v would already suffice to maintain the state of equilibrium. However, since v will not be reduced as the bed-gradient is constant, the horizontal component a in the interplay of forces involved in the transport of sediment will be all the more active and hence the tractive force will be greater. It should be mentioned here in passing that rivers flowing into the sea under a positive temperature gradient (eg. into the Arctic Ocean) carry their sediment far out into the sea (haff formation), whereas rivers debouching into the ocean under a negative temperature gradient (e.g. the Nile) deposit their sediment prior to the confluence (delta formation). At this juncture it is very interesting to note that according to Dr Schoklitz's laboratory experi- ments at the Technical University of Briinn, the law stating that the sedi- ment-load increases in proportion to the square of the depth holds true for grain-sizes of up to 4mm (0.16in). In this regard, at the Research Institute in Vienna, Professor Schaffernak has discovered a law which holds that the sediment load is 'directly proportional' to the increase in depth for grain- sizes of 100mm - 130mm (4-5in) commonly found in our rivers. Apart from this, we also discover a splendid array of inconsistencies amongst leading authors concerning the mechanical measures applied to hydraulic engineering as well as their mathematical treatment. Here atten- tion is to be drawn briefly to the extremely varied opinions concerning the value of the great Kutter formula, to Tolkmitts' and Lindboes' critique of the Bazin formula, to the discussion about the coefficients in Christen's velocity formula, and others. It is left to the arbitrary discretion of each individual to increase or decrease the mathematical accuracy through this or that formula convenient to him. Nature works uncommonly slowly. This is why it is also impossible to encompass the great processes which take place in Nature by means of laboratory experiments, because the proper preconditions and interrelations are lacking. For this reason, in river engineering the causes ofPDF Image | The Water Wizard
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