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Thermal Energy Equipment: Waste Heat Recovery the exchanger and the pressure drop in the combustion air path, it increases the effectiveness of heat exchange. Shell and tube type recuperators are generally more compact and have a higher effectiveness than radiation recuperators, because of the larger heat transfer area made possible through the use of multiple tubes and multiple passes of the gases. 2.1.3 Hybrid recuperator For maximum effectiveness of heat transfer, hybrid recuperators are used. These are combinations of radiation and convective designs, with a high-temperature radiation section followed a by convective section (see Figure 4). These are more expensive than simple metallic radiation recuperators, but are less bulky. 2.1.4 Ceramic recuperator The principal limitation on the heat recovery of metal recuperators is the reduced life of the liner at inlet temperatures exceeding 11000C. In order to overcome the temperature limitations of metal recuperators, ceramic tube recuperators have been developed whose materials allow operation on the gas side to be at 1550 0C and on the preheated air side to be 815 0C on a Figure 4. Hybrid Recuperator (Reay, D.A., 1996) more or less practical basis. Early ceramic recuperators were built of tile and joined with furnace cement, and thermal cycling caused cracking of joints and rapid deterioration of the tubes. Later developments introduced various kinds of short silicon carbide tubes, which can be joined by flexible seals located in the air headers. Earlier designs had experienced leakage rates from 8 to 60 per cent. The new designs are reported to last two years with air preheat temperatures as high as 7000C, with much lower leakage rates. 2.2 Regenerators Regenerators are suitable for large capacities and have been widely used in glass and steel melting furnaces. Important relations exist Figure 5. Regenerator (Department of Coal, India, 1985) Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia –www.energyefficiencyasia.org ©UNEP 3PDF Image | Thermal Energy Equipment Waste Heat Recovery
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