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2.1.2 Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products This subsector includes activities related to mined or quarried sand, gravel, stone or clay as well as the manufacture of glass and glass products, tiles and baked clay products, ceramic products, concrete and cement and plaster, from raw materials to finished products [3]. The production of this sector, especially for cement, has grown in the last years. Together with the high exhaust temperatures found in the sector (Table 3), this sector has attracted the attention of some researches, such as Miró et al. [34] who estimated based on CO2 emissions the IWH potential of this industrial sector at European scale for the period 2007-2012 in 134 PJ/y. Within this subsector, TES systems for recovering IWH have been only proposed in precast and aerated concrete and in cement manufacture. Table 3. Exhaust temperature of some processes in the manufacture of non-metallic minerals [11,35] Process Cement sintering Glass melting furnace Calcining of limestone in the kiln Calcination of magnesia Cement kiln Exhaust temperature (oC) 1450 1300 – 1540 900 600 – 800 450 – 620 The earliest work reporting the use of TES systems in the non-metallic mineral industry was performed by Beshore et al. [18] in the late 80’s. They analysed some American dry process cement plants in order to identify and quantify IWH sources (Table 4) and possible TES systems (Figure 6) to recover IWH at a temperature range of 177-816 °C to be further reused for electricity production. They proposed two TES systems proposed were the rock bed, which consisted of two rock bed storage modules charged independently depending on the temperature (Figure 6, left), and the molten draw salt, which consisted of a thermocline tank coupled with a kiln system (Figure 6, right). The authors estimated an annual saving of 24.5 PJ/y in the American cement industry. Table 4. Heat sources in the cement production identified by Beshore et al. [18] IWH sources Clinker cooler Kiln system exhaust gas Description Waste air Exhaust gas from the kiln or preheater, considered before entering the precipitator IWH source maximum temperature (°C) 177 – 232 382 – 816 10PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage TES Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
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