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2.1.4 Pulp and paper products The paper and paper products subsector includes the manufacture of pulp, paper and converted paper products. It also includes further processing of paper and paperboard by coating, covering and impregnation, the manufacture of creped or crinkled paper, the manufacture of handmade paper, newsprint and other printing or writing paper [3]. In the late 70’s, an American paper and pulp processing facility was chosen to evaluate the potential energy savings as a result of implementing a TES system to recover IWH from its internal processes [16,19]. The authors proposed a 173 m3 water tank to store the excess steam from a hog fuel boiler when operating at a higher base load to be further reused in the same process during higher demand periods (Figure 7). Hence, the author estimations lead to a decrease on the demand of fossil fuels by 50 %. This implementation was expected to save 1.2·109 l/y of fuel oil per year. Figure 7. Paper and pulp energy diagram without (left) and with (right) TES storage [16] 2.1.5 Food products and beverages This subsector includes the processing of the products of agriculture, forestry and fishing into food for humans or animals as well as alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages mainly through fermentation or distillation [3]. This subsector is a major user of low-temperature (mostly below 120 °C) process heat and it is estimated that 85% of the fuel utilized by the industry produces process steam and hot water for cooking, sterilizing, and washing and sanitizing equipment and work areas [16]. Duscha and Masica [16] and Wojnar et al. [20,21] estimated up to 6% of energy consumption savings of an American food factory as a result of recovering the IWH from its internal processes, storing it at 65 °C in a storage tank (using water as TES material) and later on reusing it for heating the make-up water boiler, heating the fresh water for the different food processes and heating the factory clean-up water (Figure 8, left). A similar concept was proposed and 13PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage TES Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
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