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characteristics, the heat demand covered with the IWH recovery, the demand applications and the savings achieved. As expected, the activities in which researchers proposed the use of TES systems coincide with the most energy-consuming sectors. Also, in those sectors the IWH produced is higher. However, and as it can be seen in Table 7, the studies found in the literature do not report enough information for a deeper analysis and comparison. Even though not all cases report the location of the IWH source, most of the analyses were developed in Europe and USA. The basic metal subsector is the one which has most potential and has attracted most attention in the scientific community. This can be observed considering that there are both laboratory and pilot plant prototypes tested in the literature (and not only numerical studies). This may be due to the high exhaust temperatures of the activities (Table 2) which allow a wide variety of subsequent uses of this heat. In this subsector, the two main IWH sources identified in this sector are foundries and steelworks which use different TES material types depending on the subsequent use. For power generation molten salts, metals and ceramic materials were proposed. In the case of on-site processes and space heating purposes, lower temperature TES materials like water are used. Both laboratory scale and real scale prototypes were proposed in this sector. Besides, in the cement and concrete production plants from the non-metallic mineral subsector the specific heat sources were identified (clinker cooler and kiln system exhaust gas), and, depending on the exhaust temperature the different types of TES materials (molten salts and ceramic materials) were proposed for power generation and on-site production processes. In just one case, a laboratory scale prototype was developed. Fewer cases were identified for the rest of the manufacturing sector. In the case of the chemical activities only numerical studies were published in which different TES materials were used for on-site processes and climate control. Regarding both pulp and paper and food industrial activities, only numerical case studies using water as TES material were identified. Since the exhaust temperature for these sectors is as high as in the previous mentioned subsectors, the feasible subsequent uses are the pre-heating of other water flows in the process. 15PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage TES Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
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