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1 2.2 Other industrial activities 2 3 This section includes other industrial sectors found in the literature which cannot be included in 4 the manufacturing industry: vehicle engines, power plants, incineration plants as well as 5 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) systems and other systems applied to unspecific 6 industrial sources. 7 8 2.2.1 Vehicle engines 9 10 Engines are essential elements in both transportation and conventional power generation units. 11 In fact, nearly two-thirds of the input energy in engines is wasted through the exhaust gases and 12 cooling streams [6]. For example, in a four stroke diesel engine, the temperature of the exhaust 13 gas is approximately 400–500 °C at full load conditions. Hence, it is possible to recover a large 14 quantity of useful heat from these exhaust gases which are released to the ambient. However, in 15 many situations the operation of the engines may not be continuous. In such situations, TES 16 systems are suitable to both recover the waste heat and bridge the mismatch between the energy 17 supply and demand. 18 19 From a general point of view and without any specific application for the recovered IWH, three 20 different studies were performed in the same experimental setup in order to analyse the coupling 21 of TES systems in diesel engines [43-46] and its most suitable configuration. The experimental 22 setup consisted of a water cooled diesel engine coupled to an electrical dynamometer, and 23 integrated to a recovery heat exchanger, which was connected to the TES system (Figure 9, 24 left). The TES system consisted of a cylindrical vessel made of stainless steel (Figure 9, right). 25 In the first study [43,44], 55 kg of castor oil and 15 kg of paraffin embedded in 48 cylindrical 26 capsules were selected as sensible and latent TES material, respectively. Results showed up to 27 15.2 % of savings in the fuel consumption if compared to the same setup without TES system. 28 In the second study, Raja et al. [45] tested the thermal behaviour of the TES system with 29 paraffin operating at various engine load conditions (25, 50, 75 and 100%). A direct relation 30 between the charging rate and charging efficiency depending on the load was found. Moreover, 31 nearly 15% of total heat was recovered with this system. Finally, in the third study, 32 Chinnapandian et al. [46] replaced the initial TES system by two TES tanks arranged in a 33 cascaded mode. The first TES tank used 19 kg of d-sorbitol filled in 48 capsules as TES 34 material and the second TES tank used 15 kg of paraffin filled in 48 capsules as TES material, 35 while 55 kg of castor oil were used as HTF. Results showed the suitability of the selected TES 36 and HTF for the application proposed and the benefits of the cascaded mode as the total waste 37 heat recovery increased in relation to the previous single tank configuration [43,44] up to 20%. 19PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage TES Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
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