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203 Deckert et al. [69] studied and proved the economic and technical feasibility of an available M- 204 TES, highlighting that the profitability of the M-TES systems no only depends on technical 205 parameters but also depends on the user behaviour and on the number of cycles per year. 206 Finally, in the economic study presented by Chiu et al. [70], the authors considered the 207 transportation of IWH by maritime, rail and road means for a DH network. In this analysis, the 208 possibility of partial charges of the TES system, the amount of trips per day, and the capital, 209 operating and transportation costs were considered. The TES system consisted of a 12-m long 210 container with erythritol. Results showed the high dependence of the economic viability to that 211 of the transportation cost. The last analysis from an economic and environmental point of view 212 was performed by the Sewerage Bureau of Tokyo Metropolitan Government [71], which 213 developed a M-TES system using PCM in order to recover medium and low temperature IWH 214 (from 70 to 350 °C) from a sludge incinerator to further control the air temperature in a civic 215 gymnasium located at 2.5 km (Figure 16). The system consisted of a tank filled with PCM and 216 oil as HTF. Two PCM were used, one with the melting point at 58 °C for room heating and 217 another one with the melting point at 118 °C for room cooling. Results showed that the use of a 218 container can achieve a reduction between 68 and 95% in the energy consumption and a 219 reduction between 71 and 93% in the CO2 emissions. 220 221 From a another point of view, Kaizawa et al. [72,73] studied the exergy losses and CO2 222 emissions of a 5.3 GJ truck M-TES (using erythritol as PCM) to further be reused to supply hot 223 or cold water (Figure 17). Some assumptions were considered: the temperature of IWH was 200 224 °C, the temperature of the water supplied was 50 °C or 7 °C (depending if it was for heat or cold 225 water), and the distance between the IWH source and heat demand was 20 km. Results showed 226 that when supplying hot water at 50 °C, the M-TES system had an energy requirement of 7.7%, 227 exergy losses of 8.1% and CO2 emissions of 20.2% if compared to on-site conventional systems 228 using kerosene. When supplying cold water at 7 °C, the system had an energy requirement of 229 12.0%, exergy losses of 12.0% and CO2 emissions of 26.6% when compared an on-site 230 absorption chiller using natural gas heat source. A similar M-TES system containing 17.5 t of 231 PCM was proposed by Nomura et al. [74] to recover the IWH from steelworks in order to 232 deliver it to a chemical plant located at 10 km. In this study, NaOH was selected as PCM and 233 the M-TES could supply 2.3 MWh per cycle at 250 °C. If compared to an on-site conventional 234 system, the proposed M-TES system had only 8.6% of the energy requirements, 37.9% of the 235 exergy losses, and 17.5% of the CO2 emissions. Nomura et al. [76] used the same case study 236 substituting the previous PCM for Na2CO3/NaOH. This system had energy requirements, exergy 237 losses, and CO2 emissions of 9.5%, 39.7%, and 19.6%, respectively, when compared to a 238 conventional system using fossil fuel as energy input. 239 26PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage TES Industrial Waste Heat Recovery
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