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GLOSSARY: triboelectric effect - a contact-induced electrification in which a material becomes electrically charged after it is contacted with a different material through friction; nanoenergy - the applications of nano- materials and nanotechnology for harvesting energy for powering micro/nanosystems; triboelectric nanogenera- tor (TENG) - a device that converts mechanical energy into electricity using the coupling effects between triboelec- trification and electrostatic induction through the contact- separation or relative sliding between two materials that have opposite tribo-polarity; self-powered active strain/ force sensors - a sensor that operates using the electric signal generated by itself in responding to mechanical triggering or agitation without applying an external power source; PMMA - polymethyl methacrylate; PDMS - polydimethylsiloxane; and gas sensors. The near future development is about electronics that are much smaller than the size of a cell phone, so that each person on average can have at least dozens to hundreds of such small electronics. Such small-sized electronics operate at ultralow power consumption, making it possible to be powered by the energy harvested from our living environment.1 It will become impractical if sensor networks have to be powered entirely by batteries because of the huge number of devices, large scope of distribution, and difficulty to track and recycle to minimize environmen- tal impact and possibly health hazards. Therefore, power sources are desperately needed for indepen- dent and continuous operations of such small electro- nics, which could be used widely for ultrasensitive chemical and bimolecular sensors, nanorobotics, microelectromechanical systems, remote and mobile environmental sensors, homeland security, and even portable/wearable personal electronics. New technologies that can harvest energy from the environment as sustainable self-sufficient micro/nano- power sources are newly emerging fields of nano- energy, which is about the applications of nano- materials and nanotechnology for harvesting energy for powering micro/nanosystems. In the last 8 years, we have been developing nanogenerators (NGs) for building self-powered systems and as active sensors. We have mainly utilized two physics effects for harvest- ing small-magnitude mechanical energies: piezoelec- tric effect and triboelectric effect. A basic introduction about piezoelectric NG has been given in a recent book2 and a few review articles.3,4 The objective of this paper is to give a summary about the fundamentals of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which is a device that converts mechanical energy into electricity using the coupling effects between triboelectrifica- tion and electrostatic induction through the contact- separation or relative sliding between two materials that have opposite tribo-polarity and its updated pro- gress and potential applications as a new energy technology and as self-powered active sensors. Fundamentals of Triboelectrification. The triboelectric effect is a contact-induced electrification in which a material becomes electrically charged after it is con- tacted with a different material through friction. Tribo- electric effect is a general cause of every day's electro- statics. The sign of the charges to be carried by a material depends on its relative polarity in comparison to the material to which it will contact. Triboelectric effect is probably one of a few effects that have been known for thousands of years. Although this is one of the most frequently experienced effects that each and every one of us inevitably uses every day, the mechanism behind triboelectrification is still being studied possibly with debate.5,6 It is generally believed that, after two different materials come into contact, a chemical bond is formed between some parts of the two surfaces, called adhesion, and charges move from one material to the other to equalize their electroche- mical potential. The transferred charges can be elec- trons or may be ions/molecules. When separated, some of the bonded atoms have a tendency to keep extra electrons and some a tendency to give them away, possibly producing triboelectric charges on sur- faces. The objective of our study is not to investigate the mechanism of the triboelectrification, instead, use it for positive purposes. Materials that usually have strong triboelectrifica- tion effect are likely less conductive or insulators, thus, they usually capture the transferred charges and retain them for an extended period of time, building up the electrostatic charges, which are usually considered to be a negative effect in our daily life and technology developments. We can use the following examples to illustrate the damages that can be caused by triboelec- trification. Aircraft flying will develop static charges from air friction on the airframe, which will interfere with radio frequency communication. Electrostatic charges are an important concern for safety, due to the fact that it can cause explosion and ignite flam- mable vapors. Carts/cars that may carry volatile liquids, flammable gases, or explosive chemicals have to be discharged properly to avoid fire. Some electronic devices, most notably CMOS-integrated circuits and MOSFET transistors, can be accidentally destroyed by high-voltage static discharge that may be carried by gloves. Therefore, triboelectrification is mostly taken as a negative effect in our daily life, industrial manu- facturing, and transportation. Therefore, by surprise, although triboelectrification has been known for thou- sands of years, it has not been used for many positive applications. In this paper, we give a review on a new, innovative, and important application of triboelectric effect for converting mechanical energy into electricity and as self-powered active mechanical sensors. Nanoscale Energy (Nanoenergy) and Macroscale Energy. In general, energy usually means the power required to WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX B www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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