PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
film fully reverts to the original position (Figure 4aIV and Figure 4aV). Such a signal will remain constant provided that the input impedance of the electrometer is infinitely large. If pressing is immediately followed, the EPD starts diminishing as the two polymer layers get closer to each other. As a result, Voc drops from the maximum value to zero when a full contact is made again between the two polymers (Figure 4aV,VI). If the two electrodes are shorted, any established EPD shown in eq 1 as the two polymers separate drives electrons to flow from the top electrode (TE) to the bottom electrode (Figure 4bIII) in order to balance the generated triboelectric potential, resulting in an instantaneous positive current during the releasing process (Figure 4bIV). The net effect is that induced charges accumulate with positive sign on the top electrode and negative sign on the bottom electrode (Figure 4bV). The induced charge density (σ0 ) when the generator is fully released is given by16 σd0ε ε σ01⁄4 rkrp (2) d1εrp þ d0εrkεrp þ d2εrk where εrk and εrp are the relative permittivity of Kapton and PMMA, respectively, and d1 and d2 are the thick- A mechanical shaker was used to apply impulse impact on the TENG. Here, the interaction force gen- erated between the gold and the PDMS is defined as contacting force. Open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short- circuit current (Isc) were measured to characterize the TENG's electric performance. With a contacting force of 10 N, the Voc and the Isc are presented in Figure 5a,b, respectively. The Voc switched between zero and a plateau value, respectively, corresponding to the con- tact position and the original position. The Isc exhibits AC behavior, with an equal amount of electrons flow- ing in opposite directions within one cycle. The experi- mental data validate the working principle described in Figure 4. It is observed that the current signal for the separation process has a smaller magnitude but longer duration than that for the contact process (inset of Figure 5b). It can be explained by faster contact result- ing from external impact compared to slower separa- tion caused by restoring force of the springs. The polarity of the measured electric signals can be re- versed upon switching the connection polarity be- tween the TENG and the measurement instrument. Furthermore, the AC output could be transferred to pulse output in the same direction simply by a full- wave rectifying bridge (Figure 5c). The NG's electric output is strongly related to the contacting force, yielding higher output with larger force. At a force as small as 10 N, the NG can still produce Isc ranging from 160 to 175 μA (Figure 5d). When the force increases to 500 N, the electric output reaches a saturated value, producing a peak Isc of 1.2 mA. This result is due to increased contact area with a larger force. The two contacting surfaces are neither absolutely flat nor smooth. With a larger force, due to elastic property, the PDMS can deform and fill more vacant space, thus leading to larger contact area. As a result, the electric output increases until all the vacant space is com- pletely filled by the PDMS, reaching a saturated limit. Resistors were connected as external loads to further investigate the effective electric power of the TENG for driving electronics. As demonstrated in Figure 5e, the instantaneous current drops with in- creasing load resistance due to Ohmic loss, while the voltage builds up. Consequently, the instantaneous power output (W = I2 R) reached the maximum at a peak load resistance of 1 MΩ. At a contacting force of 500 N, a power output of 0.42 W was achieved (Figure 5f), corresponding to a power density of 109 W/m2 for one layer of TENG. If the mechanical shaker was replaced by human footfalls, which can generate a contacting force between 500 and 600 N, the maximum Isc could reach up to 2 mA, which can simultaneously light up 600 LEDs (Figure 5g). It corresponded to an instantaneous current of 1.1 mA at a load of 1 MΩ, instantaneous output power of 1.2 W, and power density of 313 W/m2. The corresponding triboelectric surface charge density of 594.2 μC/m2 is demonstrated. nesses of the Kapton film and the PMMA layer. The 0 maximum value of σmax is obtained by substituting d3 for d0 in the equation above. Once the generator is pressed again, reduction of the interlayer distance would make the top electrode possess a higher electric potential than the bottom electrode. As a consequence, electrons are driven from the bottom electrode back to the top electrode, redu- cing the amount of induced charges (Figure 4bVI). This process corresponds to an instantaneous negative current (Figure 4bV). When the two polymers are in contact again, all induced charges are neutralized (Figure 4bII). Fabrication of the TENG is relatively simple, easy, low-cost, and sometimes no cleanroom equipment is even needed. The TENG has a layered structure with two substrates, as schemed at the top left of Figure 5.19 Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as the material for substrates due to its decent strength, light weight, easy processing, and low cost. On the lower side, a layer of contact electrode is prepared. The contact electrode plays dual roles of electrode and contact surface. It consists of a gold thin film and gold nanoparticles coated on the surface. In practice, such nanoparticles can be replaced by any metallic nano- particles. On the other side, a thin film of gold is laminated between the substrate and a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This electrode is termed “back electrode” for later reference. The two substrates are connected by four springs installed at the corners, leaving a narrow spacing between the contact elec- trode and the PDMS. WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX F www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
PDF Search Title:
Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy TechnologyOriginal File Name Searched:
13_ACSN_08.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |