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Figure 11. Rotation TENG in cylindrical configuration. (a) Design and structure of the cylindrical rotation TENG. (b) Working principle of the TENG. (c) Maximum Isc as a function of linear rotational velocity/rotation rate of 1.33 m/s (a rotation rate of 1000 r/min). (d) Maximum Voc as a function of linear rotational velocity/rotation rate. (e) Equivalent direct current as a function of linear rotational velocity/rotation rate. Reproduced from ref 28. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society. III. At this moment, both the induced potential differ- ence and the amount of transferred charges between the two electrodes reach the maximum values. In stage IV, as the top plate continues spinning, the Kapton surface begins to contact another adjacent sector of Al foil, and the potential difference between two electro- des will drop with the decrease of the mismatch area. As a result, the electrons will flow back in the opposite direction from the Al foil to the electrode attached to the Kapton film. Thus, the entire process will result in an alternating current (AC) output. Such a charge transfer cycle will start over from stage I when the two plates reach a complete overlapping again. Figure 10e shows the resistance dependence of both output current density and voltage, from 10 Ω to 1 GΩ. The output current density decreases with the increasing resis- tance, while the output voltage shows the reverse trend, but both the current and voltage tend to saturate at both high and low ends of the resistance. The power density was also plotted as a function of external resistance in Figure 10f. The output power density first increases at a low resistance region and then decreases at a higher resistance region. The maxi- mum value of the power density of ∼1 W/m2 occurs at ∼10 MΩ. A schematic diagram of a cylindrical rotating TENG with 6 strip units is shown in Figure 11a.28 The TENG has a coreshell structure that is composed of a column connected to a rotational motor and a hollow tube fixed on a holder. Here, acrylic was selected as the structural material due to its light weight, good ma- chinability, and proper strength. On the inner surface of the fixed tube, metal strips made of copper are evenly distributed, with each having a central angle of 30, creating equal-sized intervals between. These metal strips, connected by a bus at one end, play dual roles as a sliding surface and as a common electrode. On the surface of the rotatable column, a collection of separated strips of foam tape were adhered as a buffer layer with a central angle of 30 for each unit. The buffer layer is a critical design that ensures robustness and tolerance on off-axis rotation, which will be dis- cussed in detail later. On top of the foam tape, a layer of copper and a layer of PTFE film are conformably attached in sequence. The copper layer serves as back electrode of the TENG. The outer surface of the PTFE film is modified by spreading a layer of PTFE nanopar- ticles to enhance energy conversion efficiency. The working principle of a rotating TENG can be described by the coupling of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. The design of the cylind- rical rotating TENG is based on the relative sliding motion of grated surfaces. Here, a pair of sliding units is selected to illustrate the process of electricity gen- eration, as schemed in Figure 11b. The foam tape and nanoparticles on the PTFE film are not presented for WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX N www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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