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This basic process has been demonstrated for two major applications. The first application is energy harvesting with a particular advantage of harvesting mechanical energy. The other application is to serve as a self-powered active sensor because it does not need an external power source to drive. In this section, we briefly summarize the applications that have been demonstrated in these two areas. Harvesting Vibration Energy. Vibration is one of the most popular phenomena in our daily life, from walk- ing, voices, engine vibration, automobile, train, aircraft, wind, and many more. It exists almost everywhere and at all times. Harvesting vibration energy is of great value especially for powering mobile electronics. Based on the fundamental principles introduced in section 4, various technologies have been demonstrated for harvesting vibration energy. Cantilever-based technique is a classical approach for harvesting mechanical energy, especially for MEMS. By designing the contact surface of a cantilever with the top and bottom surfaces during vibration, TENG has been demonstrated for harvesting ambient vibra- tion energy based on the contact-separation mode. With the assistance of nanowire arrays fabricated onto the surfaces of beryllium copper alloys foils, the newly designed TENG produces an open-circuit voltage up to 101 V, a short-circuit current of 55.7 μA, with a corre- sponding peak power density of 252.3 mW/m2.33 To harvest the energy from a backpack, we demon- strated a rationally designed TENG with integrated rhombic gridding, which greatly improved the total current output owing to the structurally multiplied unit cells connected in parallel.34 With the hybridization of both the contact-separation mode and sliding electri- fication mode among nanowire arrays and nanopores fabricated onto the surfaces of two contact plates, the newly designed TENG produces an open-circuit vol- tage up to 428 V and a short-circuit current of 1.395 mA with a peak power density of 30.7 W/m2. Based on the TENG, a self-powered backpack was developed with a vibration-to-electric energy conversion efficiency up to 10.6%. The newly designed TENG can be a mobile power source for field engineers, explorers, and disaster- relief workers. With the use of four supporting springs, a harmonic resonator-based TENG has been fabricated based on the resonance-induced contact separation between the two triboelectric materials, which has been used to harvest vibration energy from an automobile en- gine, a sofa, and a desk.35 It produces a uniform quasi- sinusoidal signal output, with an open-circuit voltage up to 287.4 V, a short-circuit current amplitude of 76.8 μA, and a peak power density 726.1 mW/m2. It can effectively respond to input vibration frequency from 2 to 200 Hz with a considerably wide working bandwidth of 13.4 Hz. The harmonic resonator-based TENG is very sensitive to small ambient vibrations such as an operating automobile engine; it can also act as an active vibration sensor for ambient vibration detection. This work not only presents a new principle in the field of vibration energy harvesting but also greatly expands the applicability of TENGs as power sources for self- sustained electronics. Recently, a three-dimensional triboelectric nano- generator (3D-TENG) has been designed based on a hybridization mode of conjunction the vertical con- tact-separation mode and the in-plane sliding mode.36 The innovative design facilitates harvesting random vibration energy in multiple directions over a wide bandwidth. An analytical model is established to in- vestigate the mechano-triboelectric transduction of 3D-TENG, and the results agree well with experimental data. Compared with the state-of-the-art vibration energy harvesters, the 3D-TENG is able to harvest ambient vibration in out-of-plane direction (z-axis) with extremely wide working bandwidth up to 75 Hz at a frequency of ∼63.5 Hz (Δf/f ∼ 1.18) and arbitrary in-plane (xy plane) directions with a bandwidth of 14.4 Hz at a frequency of ∼38 Hz (Δf/f ∼ 0.38). The maximum power densities of 1.35 and 1.45 W/m2 have been achieved under out-of-plane and in-plane excita- tions, respectively. The 3D-TENG is designed for har- vesting ambient vibration energy, especially at low frequencies, under a range of conditions in daily life, thus, opening the applications of TENG in environ- mental/infrastructure monitoring, charging portable electronics, and Internet. Harvesting Energy from Human Body Motion. Hu- man motion has an abundant amount of energy, which can be useful for charging portable electronics and biomedical applications. We have demonstrated a packaged power-generating insole with built-in flex- ible multilayered triboelectric nanogenerators that enable harvesting mechanical pressure during normal walking. The TENG used here relies on the contact- separation mode and is effective in responding to the periodic compression of the insole. Using the insole as a direct power source, we develop a fully packaged self-lighting shoe that has broad applications for dis- play and entertainment purposes. Furthermore, a pro- totype of a wearable charging gadget is introduced to charge portable consumer electronics, such as cell phones. This work presents a successful initial attempt in applying energy-harvesting technology for self- powered electronics in our daily life, which will have broad impact on people's living style in the near future. A TENG can be attached to the inner layer of a shirt for harvesting energy from body motion. Under gen- eral walking, the maximum output of voltage and current density are up to 17 V and 0.02 μA/cm2, respectively. The TENG with a single layer size of 2 cm 7 cm 0.08 cm sticking on clothes was demonstrated as a sustainable power source that not only can directly light up 30 light-emitting diodes but WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX R www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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