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Figure 14. TENG as self-powered pressure sensor. (A) Performance of the pressure sensor device induced by a droplet of water falling from about 5 cm high. The voltage responses of various types of sensor devices were measured. (B) Performance of the pressure sensor device induced by a piece of feather. The top inset image illustrates the process that a double peak was induced by placement of the feather. The bottom inset image shows the photograph of the feather induced pressure sensor. Reproduced from ref 15. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. also can charge a lithium ion battery by persistently clapping clothes. The electric energy stored in the lithium ion battery was used to power a biosensor for detecting glucose. The detection of bioactive chemi- cals in our body using the energy harvested from body motion is demonstrated. Moreover, due to the sensitivity and desirable stability to periodic vibra- tion, the TENG was used to measure stride frequency, as well. TENG as Self-Powered Active Strain/Force Sensors. A TENG automatically generates an output voltage and current once it is mechanically triggered. The magni- tude or the output signal signifies the impact of the mechanical deformation and its time-dependent be- havior. This basic principle of the TENG can be applied as a self-powered pressure sensor.15,37,38 Figure 14a illustrates the voltage output signal of various types of sensor devices to the applied pressure induced by a droplet of water (8 mg, ∼3.6 Pa of pressure). All types of TENGs have a high sensitivity and fast response to the external force and show a sharp peak signal. The sensitivities of the line-featured and cube-featured sensors were about 5 and 10 times, respectively, larger than that of the unstructured film-featured sensor. The pyramid-featured device showed the highest sensitiv- ity in the four types of pressure sensors. Furthermore, we measured the response to the impact of a piece of feather (20 mg, ∼0.4 Pa in contact pressure), corre- sponding to a low-end detection limit of 13 mPa. In Figure 14b, the sensor shows two opposite voltage signal curves indicating the feather loading (on) and unloading (off) process. In the real situation, when the feather falls on the sensor, it will go through two processes: initially touching the sensor and completely falling on the sensor. The sensor signal can delicately show these details of the entire process. The existing results show that our sensor can be applied to measure the subtle pressure in real life. In the case where we make a matrix array of TENGs, we can have a large-area and self-powered pressure map applied on a surface.32 The response of the TENG array with local pressure was measured through a multichannel measurement system. On the basis of this working principle, we demonstrated the tactile imaging capability of the TEAS matrix by loading pressure through predesigned plastic architecture with the calligraphy of the letters “TENG”. Before applying the pressure, the voltage output from all of the pixels of the TEAS matrix was at the background level, as displayed in Figure 15b. Figure 15cf shows the two-dimensional contour plot of the peak value of the voltage responses that were measured when ex- ternal pressures were applied through each architec- ture. The highlighted color represents the area under pressing through each letter, as outlined by the white dashed lines. These plots elaborate the spatial resolu- tion of the TEAS matrix for distinguishably mapping the calligraphy of the applied pressure and its potential applications such as personal signature recognition. In addition, to gain a more intuitive understanding of the “self-powered” pressure mapping functionality of the TEAS matrix, each nine units of the same array device were connected in parallel to power up a serially connected array of LEDs showing “T”, “E”, “N”, and “G”. This demonstration proves that the TEAS matrix can work as an external power source and a sensor array simultaneously for a truly stand-alone self-pow- ered system. There are two types of output signals from the TENG: open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current. The open-circuit voltage is only dictated by the final configuration of the TENG after applying a mechanical triggering, so that it is a measure of the magnitude of the deformation, which is attributed to the static information to be provided by TENG. The output current depends on the rate at which the induced WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX S www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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