PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 023
electrical turn-on or turn-off sensor when the analytes are selectively binding to the modified electrode sur- face. We believe this work will serve as the stepping stone for related TENG studies and inspire the devel- opment of TENG toward other metal ions and biomo- lecules such as DNA and proteins in the near future. Water-Surface-Based TENG for Chemical Sensors. Most recently, we have demonstrated a newly de- signed TENG based on the contact electrification be- tween a patterned PDMS pyramid array and water.40 This new prototype waterTENG provided an open- circuit voltage of 52 V and a short-circuit current density of 2.45 mA m2 with a peak power density of nearly 0.13 W m2. The dependence of the electrical outputs on the contact frequency and motions of water wave has been systematically studied. Tap water and deionized water with similar ion concentration to seawater were also evaluated and showed the poten- tial for harvesting water-related energy from the envi- ronment. Compared with traditional TENGs that are designed for the contact of solid materials, this study opens the possibility of utilizing liquid movements and extends its application scope in chemistry and chemi- cal sensors. Theory of TENG. To help understand the basic output of the TENG, analytical and numerical theories have been developed to calculate the output voltage, cur- rent, and charges.41 A theoretical model for the contact- separation mode TENG was first developed. Based on the theoretical model, its real-time output characteristics and the relationship between the optimum resistance and TENG parameters were derived. The theory can serve as an important guidance for rational design of the TENG structure in specific applications. A theoretical model for the sliding-mode TENG has also been developed. The finite element method was utilized to characterize the distributions of electric potential, electric field, and charges on the metal electrodes of the TENG.42 Based on the FEM calcula- tion, the semianalytical results from the interpolation method and the analytical VQx relationship were built to study the sliding-mode TENG. The analytical VQx equation was validated through comparison with the semianalytical results. Furthermore, based on the analytical VQx equation, dynamic output per- formance of sliding-mode TENG was calculated with arbitrary load resistance, and good agreement with experimental data was reached. The theory presented here is a milestone work for in-depth understanding of the working mechanism of the sliding-mode TENG and provides a theoretical basis for further enhancement of the sliding-mode TENG for both energy scavenging and self-powered sensor applications. Choice of Materials and Surface Structures. Almost all materials we know have triboelectrification effect, from metal, to polymer, to silk, and to wood, almost everything. All of these materials can be candidates for fabricating TENGs, so the material choices for TENGs are huge. However, the ability of a material to gain/lose electrons depends on its polarity. John Carl Wilcke published the first triboelectric series in 1757 on static charges.43,44 Table 1 gives such a series for some conventional materials. A material toward the bottom of the series, when touched to a material near the top of the series, will attain a more negative charge. The further away two materials are from each other on the series, the greater the charge transferred. Beside the choice of the materials in the tribo- electric series, the morphologies of the surfaces can be modified by physical techniques with the creation of pyramid-, square-, or hemisphere-based micro- or nanopatterns, which are effective for enhancing the contact area and possibly the triboelectrification. How- ever, the created bumpy structure on the surface may increase the friction force, which may possibly reduce the energy conversion efficiency of the TENG. There- fore, an optimization has to be designed to maximize the conversion efficiency. The surfaces of the materials can be functionalized chemically using various molecules, nanotubes, nano- wires, or nanoparticles, in order to enhance the tri- boelectrification effect. Surface functionalization can largely change the surface potential. The introduction of nanostructures on the surfaces can change the local contact characteristics, which may improve the triboe- lectrification. This will involve a large amount of studies for testing a range of materials and a range of available nanostructures. Besides these pure materials, the contact materials can be made of composites, such as embedding nano- particles in a polymer matrix. This changes not only the surface electrification but also the permittivity of the materials so that they can be effective for electrostatic induction. Therefore, there are numerous ways to enhance the performance of the TENG from the materials point of view. This gives an excellent opportunity for chemists and materials scientists to do extensive study both in basic science and in practical applications. In contrast, materials systems for solar cell and thermal electrics, for example, are rather limited, and there are not very many choices for high-performance devices. SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES As sparked by the first discovery of nanogenerators in 2006, research in nanoenergy has inspired world- wide interest. Nanoenergy is about the applications of nanomaterials and nanotechnology for harvesting en- ergy for powering micro/nanosystems. The discovery of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a major milestone in the field of converting mechanical energy into electricity for building self-powered systems. It offers a completely new approach for harvesting me- chanical energy using organic and inorganic materials. WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX W www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
PDF Search Title:
Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy TechnologyOriginal File Name Searched:
13_ACSN_08.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)