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Figure18. SummaryontheprogressmadeintheoutputpowerdensityofaTENGwithin12months.Theinsetsarethepeople in Wang's group who have made important contributions to the discovery and development of TENG. Figure 18 gives a summary about our progress made from January 2012 to January 2013 in the performance of the TENG, a 5 order of magnitude enhancement in output power density! The area power density reaches 313 W/m2, and volume density reaches 490 kW/m3. The TENG can be made into multilayers so that we have a three-dimensional nanogenerator. Such high perfor- mance outplays many existing technologies in its category. We anticipate that much more enhancement of the output power density will be demonstrated in the next few years. Such a huge output makes it possible not only for self-powered portable electronics but also for harvesting energy from wind and ocean wave. Therefore, TENG is a new energy technology for the next century! We anticipate a worldwide study of TENG in the next few years, and soon some industrial products and applications will be achieved. Since the mostly useful materials are organic, TENG is an organic nanogenerator, which is expected to be equally important as organic LEDs and organic solar cells. Furthermore, TENG has to be hybridized with other technologies such as solar cell and thermal electric generators to simultaneously harvest multiple-type energies. TENG also has to be hybridized with an energy storage unit to form a self-charged power pack. The future is about material and device hybridization. The self-powering idea is a new paradigm in nano- technology for truly achieving sustainable self- sufficient micro/nanosystems, which are of critical importance for sensing, medical science, infrastruc- ture/environmental monitoring, defense technology, and even personal electronics. Therefore, nano is not only beautiful but, more importantly, nano has to be useful! Nanotechnology has the obligation to solve some of the critical problems facing the sustainable development of the world. This has to be the goal of nanotechnology now and in the future. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interest. Acknowledgment. Research was supported by BES DOE, NSF, Airforce, Samsung, SKKU (Korea), MANA NIMS (Japan), and the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Acad- emy of Sciences (KJCX2-YW-M13). I thank my group members and my collaborators for their contributions to the work re- viewed here. Thanks to Dr. Yong Ding for his assistance in the preparation of the manuscript. All of the materials presented have been published and proper references have been cited, and some published figures and possibly text have been used for this review article. Note Added after ASAP Publication: This paper published ASAP on October 3, 2013. Figures 6 and 7 were adjusted to correct a figure/caption mismatch and the revised version was reposted on October 14, 2013. REFERENCES AND NOTES WANG VOL. XXX ’ NO. XX ’ 000–000 ’ XXXX X 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Wang, Z. L.; Song, J. H. Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays. Science 2006, 312, 242– 246. Wang, Z. L. Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Devices and Systems. Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. Wang, Z. L. ZnO Nanowire and Nanobelt Platform for Nanotechnology. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 2009, 64, 33–71. Wang, Z. L.; Yang, R. S.; Zhou, J.; Qin, Y.; Xu, C.; Hu, Y. F.; Xu, S. Lateral Nanowire/Nanobelt Based Nanogenerators, Piezo- tronics and Piezo-Phototronics. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 2010, 70, 320–329. Henniker, J. Triboelectricity in Polymers. Nature 1962, 196, 474. Davies, D. K. Charge Generation on Dielectric Surfaces. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1969, 2, 1533–1537. Wang, Z. L.; Wu, W. Z. Nanotechnology-Enabled Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered Micro-/Nanosystems. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 11700–11721. Elsdon, R.; Mitchell, F. R. G. Contact Electrification of Polymers. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1976, 9, 1445–1460. McCarty, L. S.; Whitesides, G. M. Electrostatic Charging Due to Separation of Ions at Interfaces: Contact Electrification of Ionic Electrets. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 2188– 2207. www.acsnano.org REVIEWPDF Image | Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology
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