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3. PROPERTIES OF MICRO-DISCHARGES 3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.1 Introduction In the previous chapter it was shown that for optimal CO2 conversion H2 free environ- ments are required. Following that observation, studying conversion of CO2 to CO in pure CO2 plasmas is the next logical step. Since the challenge of CO2 conversion is at a global scale, it is beneficial to study a plasma process that can be easily scaled up industrially and for this one of the determining factors is throughput. In this context, for a successful high plasma process high pressures becomes essential along with non- equilibrium (low gas temperatures and high vibrational temperature for example), which is considered as a key parameter to achieve high energy efficiencies [36]. Generally, high pressure non-equilibrium plasmas are difficult to sustain, and often lead to instabilities such as glow to arc-transition and very high gas temperatures [119, 120]. Recently, how- ever, an array of plasma sources have become available that can simultaneously achieve non-equilibrium and work at high pressures, prime example being dielectric barrier dis- charges (DBD). DBDs are ideal for gas conversion as they can be sustained at low gas temperatures [66, 121, 122] while simultaneously producing significant quantities of re- active species [123] and can be used easily with a catalyst [124]. Hence, their popularity in using at industrial scales [125]. Also, DBDs are easy to realize with relatively cheap equipment and hence are used in benchmarking the diagnostic techniques [67, 126]. With these advantages DBDs are naturally explored for CO2 dissociation to produce CO [60, 62]. DBDs, in very simple terms, can be described as a gas gap (typycally in 1-3 mm range) enclosed between two electrodes, with at least one of them being a dielec- tric (typically 1-3 mm thick). If both electrodes are covered with a dielectric, then the configuration is referred to as symmetric; asymmetric, if only one electrode is covered with dielectric; and packed bed if the gas gap also contains dielectric pellets (see [121] and references therein for a holistic view of DBD configurations). Packed bed reactors [61, 127] are interesting in that a catalyst can be introduced to exploit the synergistic ef- fect between plasma and surface. On the other hand, symmetric and asymmetric reactors, with suitable gap widths afford higher optical access to the active region for fundamental studies on plasma chemistry in-situ [67, 126, 128]. Exploiting this advantage, Brehmer et al has systematically explored the parameter space of symmetric DBDs, in flow re- actor geometry by studying the effect of width of gas gap, thickness of dielectrics, flow frequency etc on CO2 conversion [60, 67, 128], and later Aerts et al [62] has reported on very low flows and different types of dielectric materials and achieved a higher degree of CO2 conversion. This chapter builds on work done by Brehmer et al, and tries to establish a link between the filaments – microscopic building blocks of DBDs – and the 40PDF Image | Understanding CO2 containing non-equilibrium plasmas
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