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3.1. INTRODUCTION 3. PROPERTIES OF MICRO-DISCHARGES unique trends observed in CO2 conversion in DBDs. It has be noted that apart from the classification which is based on the geometry of the reactor and described here, another classification can be made based on the DBD operation over time. There can be differ- ence in measured characteristics depending on the sign of voltage across the gap. These differences and classification based on such differences into symmetric and asymmetric DBDs is discussed in some detail in the next chapter. Independent of plasma source used, there are two major aspects of CO2 conversion: conversion efficiency (α), and energy efficiency (η). Conversion efficiency is the ratio of amount of CO produced to amount of CO2 used α(%) = nCO × 100 (3.1) nCO2 where nCO is amount of CO produced and nCO2 is the amount of CO2 fed into DBD reactor. The energy efficiency is the ratio of lowest amount of energy required theoretic- ally to produce CO molecule from pure CO2 to the measured energy used to produce CO. Although, energy efficiency is an important parameter, it is not subject of this chapter. A very related concept, energy consumed by plasma or specific energy input (Espec) is an important factor that is considered in detail in this chapter Espec = Pavgτ .p0Tg (3.2) V pT0 where Pavg is the average power injected into plasma (measured on a per voltage cycle basis generally), V is volume of the reactor, p is total pressure in the reactor and Tg is the gas temperature. τ is the residence time of the gas calculated using τ = V .p0Tg (3.3) Φ pT0 T0 =273.15 K and p0=1013.25 mbar are the standard conditions used to measure gas flow. Espec has units Jcm−3 or Jl−1; it is a measure of energy spent on unit volume of gas. Gas flow (Φ) is measured in standard cubic centimeter per minute (sccm) or standard litres per minute (slm). Using a plane to plane DBD reactor Brehmer et al [60] have shown that Espec is the universal scaling parameter that determines CO2 conversion efficiency. Espec is called an universal scaling parameter for α in the sense that no matter how a given Espec is attained – using any combination of pressure, applied voltage, flow, frequency, gas gap, dielectric thickness – α remains constant for that Espec. Also, the functional dependence between them is shown to be approximately a power law α = constant×En ;(n ≈ 0.75) (3.4) spec 41PDF Image | Understanding CO2 containing non-equilibrium plasmas
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