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4.1. INTRODUCTION 4. FLUID MODELLING OF CO2 DISSOCIATION 4.1 Introduction If electrical discharges can be used to generate CO from CO2 in an energy efficient manner, then electricity from renewable energy can be directly used to make synthetic fuels sustainable [38, 39]. Research done in the 1970s and 1980s established that non- equilibrium plasmas, i.e., certain kinds of electrical discharges, are capable of dissoci- ating CO2 with very high energy efficiencies of up to 90 % [35, 36, 154] albeit at low throughputs. The advantage of non-equilibrium plasma is that it possesses high electron temperature and vibrational temperature, which promote dissociation reactions, even en- dothermic reactions, while simultaneously it has a low gas temperature, which prevents backward recombination reactions [36]. In this context, many different non-equilibrium plasma routes have been tested to see if high energy efficiencies can be reproduced. For example, in recent years there were reports on using a micro-plasma reactor [58], low- pressure RF discharges [48], a gliding arc plasmatron at atmospheric pressure [51] and an atmospheric pressure microwave plasma/catalyst system [49] among others for CO2 dissociation. In addition, dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) in CO2 have become sub- ject of recent works [60–62, 121, 127, 155–158] because their simplicity in operation and potential for scalability offer immense promise for producing CO in industrial scales. In order to understand the mechanisms of dissociation and to help predict optimal operational parameters, numerical simulations are very important. Quite different mod- elling approaches are employed for the theoretical investigation of gas discharge plas- mas including fluid models, methods that involve fully kinetic treatment of the charge carriers and so-called hybrid methods [159]. The modelling of discharges in CO2 has generally been done by means of fluid models applying mainly a global and spatially homogeneous description for the analysis of the dissociation mechanisms. In these mod- els, the corresponding set of rate equations for the different species was solved to analyse e.g. low-pressure rf discharges [160], dc glow discharges [161] and microwave discharges at moderate pressures [64, 65] in pure CO2. In addition, various global modelling studies were done on CO2 laser discharge plasmas [162–169] in different mixtures and dc He- CO2 glow discharges [58]. In these modelling studies, a more or less extended reaction kinetics was used, where the vibrational relaxation processes of CO2 were generally not considered. However, number of reported works on modelling of the CO2 dissociation in DBD is rather limited. It has been subject of only a few former works [66] and has started receiv- ing attention only recently again [62–64, 170]. In these recent works, a zero-dimensional fluid model has been used including an extensive reaction kinetics which takes the vi- 77PDF Image | Understanding CO2 containing non-equilibrium plasmas
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