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engine structure, and many of the incremental gains in modern engine efficiency were realized through reductions in the losses from this category. The combustion efficiency of modern ICEs has been improved through high energy ignition systems, advanced combustion chamber designs, and high-pressure direct fuel injection. Combustion efficiency typically exceeds 97% in typical applications, leaving little room for improvement [12]. Pumping losses arise from the restrictions between the ambient air supply and the cylinder, namely throttles, intake plumbing, and intake valves. Pumping losses in diesel engine tend to be lower than spark ignited engines since they do not usually require throttles to regulate engine output, but instead regulate fuel injection to attain the target output. Figure 1-1 demonstrates that the sum of these ‘other’ losses is a relatively small fraction of the fuel energy flowing into the engine, and that the heat rejected to the ambient surroundings via the engine coolant and exhaust gases accounts for the vast majority of losses in an ICE. With between 50 and 60 percent of the fuel energy being lost as waste heat, it is no wonder that research on harnessing this energy and converting it to additional work has been plentiful. This is typically accomplished by using a heat engine such as a Rankine cycle to recover the waste heat and produce additional output. The basic waste heat recovery (WHR) system components and the Rankine cycle represented on a T-S diagram are shown in Figure 1-2. Four primary components are required to complete the cycle: a pump, a boiler, an expander, and a condenser. The pump pressurizes the working fluid, shown by the increase in temperature from point 1 to point 2 in the T-S diagram. The boiler transfers heat from the waste heat source to the working fluid and acts as the high-temperature reservoir for the heat engine. As heat is added to the working fluid, the temperature increases up to the saturation point, where evaporation occurs at constant temperature under the vapor dome. As the diagram shows, additional heat may be added after the working fluid 2PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE DIESEL ENGINE
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