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(i.e., 3-4 kJ kg-1 K-1 vs. 1-2 kJ kg-1 K-1 [18, 20, 21]). As a result, rejecting coolant heat requires a minimal temperature change, whereas the exhaust requires a large temperature change to reject the same amount of heat. However, the major limitation of WHR from engine coolant is its low temperature (~90°C), which greatly decreases the amount of coolant waste heat that can be utilized. If the temperature of the engine coolant is increased, the potential for heat rejected from the coolant to produce work increases. The Carnot efficiency is the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine and is defined as follows: 1 TL (1.1) TH The Carnot efficiency depends on the average temperature of the heat source (TH ) and the temperature of the heat sink (TL), both in absolute units. Although no real WHR system can achieve the Carnot efficiency limit, it is useful to consider for demonstrating the potential to improve WHR by increasing the coolant temperature. For example, the heat sink for a Rankine cycle WHR system is the condenser, which is assumed to be 50°C (i.e., 323.15 K). With engine coolant as the heat source at a typical temperature of 90°C, the Carnot efficiency is 11%. If 30% of the incoming fuel energy is rejected to the coolant, this means that the maximum possible relative efficiency improvement is 11% for a 30% efficient engine (i.e., 11% × 30% ÷ 30%). However, if the coolant temperature is increased to 200°C, the Carnot efficiency jumps to 32%, which increases the maximum possible relative efficiency improvement by the same amount, which is well above any prior WHR engine studies using exhaust as the only heat source. Packaging and cost are also important factors in the feasibility of using WHR to increase ICE efficiency. The heat exchanger footprints have the greatest effect on overall package size, and their design must balance size with ability to effectively transfer heat. For equivalent designs, greater heat transfer rates will require larger heat exchangers, which means recovering the Carnot 4PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE DIESEL ENGINE
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