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the engine block cooling passages as a method of heating the working fluid directly. To facilitate discussion, this section is divided into two subsections: WHR at a 90°C Coolant Temperature, and WHR at Elevated Coolant Temperatures. 2.2.1 WHR at a 90°C Coolant Temperature Despite the limitations on waste heat utilization using 90°C engine coolant, a significant amount of research exists on WHR from ICEs where the engine coolant heat is captured. The most informative investigations are those where systems with and without engine coolant as a waste heat source are directly compared. Two such systems were modeled by Vaja and Gambarotta [17] using a thermodynamic analysis to evaluate the performance of each system. Benzene, R11, and R134a were evaluated as working fluids for each system in terms of cycle efficiency and operating conditions. The ICE used for the analysis was a 12 cylinder supercharged natural gas engine with a baseline efficiency of 41.8%. The two WHR systems resemble systems described previously, except for the addition of a heat exchanger that uses the engine coolant to pre-heat the working fluid before it travels to the evaporator, which then solely uses the engine exhaust gases. The authors made the following assumptions for their model: isentropic turbine efficiency of 70%, isentropic pump efficiency of 80%, condenser temperature of 35°C, no losses in piping and heat exchangers, and dry expansion for the working fluid. For benzene, the combined system efficiency of the ICE plus the WHR system increased from 46.6% to 47.1% when waste heat from the engine coolant was utilized, representing a 1.1% relative increase. With R11 as the working fluid, the combined efficiency increased from 45.8% for the system using only exhaust gases to 46.3% for the system using both coolant and exhaust, giving a relative efficiency gain of 1.1% with coolant utilization. Finally, R134a produced efficiencies of 43.8% and 44.5% for WHR with exhaust and WHR with exhaust and coolant, respectively. The system using R134a showed the greatest 20PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE DIESEL ENGINE
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