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improvement in efficiency when using the engine coolant with a 1.5% relative increase. With the baseline efficiency of 41.8%, the exhaust only systems increase efficiency between 4.8% and 11.5%. In comparison with the gains from exhaust WHR alone (4.8-11.5%), the addition of WHR from the engine coolant contributed little to total efficiency gains. Additionally, the reported gains may not be realistic because the stated condenser temperature of 35°C is quite low and may not be realistic if condenser size is a consideration. Boretti [28] modeled the transient operation of a Rankine cycle system used as a bottoming cycle for a 1.6 L, ethanol-fueled, turbocharged, spark ignition engine. The WHR system used water as the working fluid, with the engine cooling system used as a pre-heater and the engine exhaust used for evaporation. A recuperator was used to increase system efficiency. The output of the WHR system powered a generator which fed power into a hybrid electric drivetrain. The additional efficiency improvements of the hybrid drivetrain were not considered in this work. A one- dimensionalenginesimulationsoftware(WAVE)wasutilizedtopredicttheamountoffuelenergy converted to mechanical energy and lost as waste heat in the engine exhaust. Boretti assumed that heat lost to the surroundings via convection and radiation from the engine surfaces was 10% of fuel energy, with the remainder of the fuel energy rejected to the engine coolant. The author claims that the 10% figure is an overestimate and that the energy rejected to the engine coolant was therefore underestimated. Ultimately, the WAVE simulations produced engine-only and engine- plus-WHR performance maps for use in a full vehicle simulation. Boretti used the Lotus Vehicle Simulation (LVS) software to model the performance of this system in a full-size passenger car over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), as well as under 120 km/h cruise conditions. The vehicle simulation was based on a passenger car with a 4.0 L gasoline engine and a 5-speed automatic transmission weighing 1,819 kg. The mass of the 21PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE DIESEL ENGINE
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