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on the possible efficiency of that cycle. The Kelvin-Planck formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that it is impossible for a cycle to accept a certain quantity of heat from a reservoir and produce the same quantity as work with no other effects [45]. For a cycle such as a heat engine, some of the heat received by the cycle must be rejected to a lower temperature reservoir. Carnot’s theorem (see equation (1.1)) stems from this formulation of the Second Law and provides a method for estimating the maximum efficiency of a cycle based on the absolute temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs. This concept can be extended to allow the estimation of the usable portion (or availability) of a waste heat source. The quantity representing the availability of a waste heat source is known as exergy. For heat transfer, the rate of exergy exchanged is defined as follows: BQ1T L T therefore gives the upper limit of usable energy. From equation (4.15) it can be deduced that, to increase the output of a heat engine such as a WHR system for a fixed cold temperature reservoir, either the heat input can be increased or the temperature of the source can be raised. The availability of each waste heat stream was evaluated to estimate the quantity of usable heat through the calculation of the rate of exergy exchanged in the heat transfer process. For this analysis, the temperature of the sink was set to 25°C (298.15K) for all points to ensure consistency in the evaluation of exergy. The temperature of the heat source was taken to be the average temperature of the coolant inside the engine or the average exhaust temperature in the manifold. The exergy exchange rate for the exhaust and engine coolant can be found for the representative test point using the heat flow rates calculated previously and the temperatures from Table 4-1. For the exhaust gases, the heat flow rate is 6.73 kW and the temperature is 429.22°C (702.37K), giving an H The rate of exergy exchanged is based on the Carnot efficiency given in equation (1.1) and 65 (4.15)PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE DIESEL ENGINE
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