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Considering only the data points between 90°C and 150°C, the negative correlation between engine efficiency and engine temperature is medium or strong for all loads and speeds, with 12 N-m through 18 N-m being statistically significant at the 95% confidence level for 3100 rpm (Figure 4-1). For example, at 18 N-m, the brake efficiency decreased from 28.50±1.38% at 90°C to 26.42±1.27% at 150°C (7.3% relative decline). The p-value for the correlation at the 24 N-m torque point was 0.052, which shows that the confidence interval of 95% was nearly met. The p-value at 21 N-m was 0.106 (89.4% probability of correlation). Therefore, additional data for this range of coolant temperatures is recommended to establish correlation at these two higher torques. When the coolant temperature increases, elevated combustion chamber temperatures lead to a shorter ignition delay, smaller premixed burn, and longer diffusion combustion [36, 59, 60]. This effectively lengthens the duration of heat release to the point where some heat release occurs too late in the cycle to provide additional work, which results in a decrease in brake efficiency [36]. Prior work suggests that lost efficiency due to increased combustion chamber temperatures may be gained back with a more modern fuel injection system and additional tuning. The reduction in engine efficiency might be minimized by adjusting the injection timing to start injection earlier in the cycle to provide additional time for combustion to complete [61]. The delay in heat release also means more heat will be lost to the exhaust gases (Figure 6-3). Additionally, the temperature difference between the chamber wall and the flame is smaller at higher engine coolant temperatures, reducing the in-cylinder heat transfer, which would also contribute to the rise in exhaust waste heat. An additional effect that may contribute to a decrease in engine efficiency is the increased losses to the ambient air from the engine block (part of ‘other losses’). As the engine surface 143PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE DIESEL ENGINE
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