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3100 rpm, the THC energy loss increased from 0.022 kW at 90°C to 0.041 kW at 200°C. These losses are very small compared to the fuel input power of nearly 20 kW. The emission of oxides of nitrogen is tightly regulated and must be considered when conditions for combustion are altered. NOx production in combustion is known to be highly temperature dependent, with higher combustion temperatures generally leading to higher levels of NOx emissions [36]. This is known as thermal NOx production and is typically the primary production path. However, a significant increase in NOx emissions was not seen until the coolant temperature was raised from 150°C to 175°C, with NOx increasing from 485 ppm to 568 ppm at 18 N-m and 3100 rpm. If raised combustion chamber temperatures were the cause of the increased NOx at 175°C, exhaust gas temperatures would also be elevated. However, the opposite effect was observed, with the average exhaust temperature decreasing from 429.22°C to 409.17°C for the 18 N-m case. This suggests that combustion temperatures did not increase in this interval. The increase in NOx at 175 ̊C could be explained by the presence of nitrogen in the molecular makeup of the HTF that was found to be leaking into the combustion chamber. This bound nitrogen is known as fuel nitrogen and creates an additional pathway for the formation of NOx during combustion [63]. The Duratherm G HTF is a proprietary formula with multiple additives, so it is unknown if it does indeed contain bound nitrogen. The decrease in exhaust temperatures at 175 ̊C may have multiple sources. The O2 emissions increased significantly from 150°C to 175°C, rather than decreasing linearly with rising coolant temperatures and decreased intake air density. This suggests a leaner air-fuel ratio which would reduce combustion and exhaust temperatures for a diesel engine [63]. The large increase in leakage of HTF into the combustion chambers occurs at the same interval, and is likely responsible for the changes in O2 emissions throughout testing. This can be explained by the presence of oxygen in the chemical structure of the HTF’s 146PDF Image | WASTE HEAT RECOVERY FROM A HIGH TEMPERATURE DIESEL ENGINE
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