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Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 6 (2018) 268–289 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Thermal Science and Engineering Progress journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tsep Waste heat recovery technologies and applications Hussam Jouhara⁎, Navid Khordehgah, Sulaiman Almahmoud, Bertrand Delpech, Amisha Chauhan, Savvas A. Tassou Institute of Energy Futures, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, UB8 3PH, UK T ABSTRACT Industrial waste heat is the energy that is generated in industrial processes which is not put into any practical use and is lost, wasted and dumped into the environment. Recovering the waste heat can be conducted through various waste heat recovery technologies to provide valuable energy sources and reduce the overall energy consumption. In this paper, a comprehensive review is made of waste heat recovery methodologies and state of the art technologies used for industrial processes. By considering the heat recovery opportunities for energy optimisation in the steel and iron, food, and ceramic industries, a revision of the current practices and proce- dures is assessed. The research is conducted on the operation and performance of the commonly used tech- nologies such as recuperators, regenerators, including furnace regenerators and rotary regenerators or heat wheels, passive air preheaters, regenerative and recuperative burners, plate heat exchangers and economisers and units such as waste heat boilers and run around coil (RAC). Techniques are considered such as direct contact condensation recovery, indirect contact condensation recovery, transport membrane condensation and the use of units such as heat pumps, heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs), heat pipe systems, Organic Rankine cycles, including the Kalina cycle, that recover and exchange waste heat with potential energy content. Furthermore, the uses of new emerging technologies for direct heat to power conversion such as thermoelectric, piezoelectric, thermionic, and thermo photo voltaic (TPV) power generation techniques are also explored and reviewed. In this regard, the functionality of all technologies and usage of each technique with respect to their advantages and disadvantages is evaluated and described. 1. Introduction With the growing trend of increases in fuel prices over the past decades as well the rising concern regarding global warming, en- gineering industries are challenged with the task of reducing green- house gas emissions and improving the efficiency of their sites. In this regard, the use of waste heat recovery systems in industrial processes has been key as one of the major areas of research to reduce fuel consumption, lower harmful emissions and improve production efficiency. Industrial waste heat is the energy that is generated in industrial processes which is not put into any practical use and is wasted or dumped into the environment. Sources of waste heat mostly include heat loss transferred through conduction, convection and radiation from industrial products, equipment and processes and heat discharged from combustion processes [1]. Heat loss can be classified into high temperature, medium temperature and low temperature grades. Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) systems are introduced for each range of waste heat to allow the most optimum efficiency of waste heat recovery to be ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: hussam.jouhara@brunel.ac.uk (H. Jouhara). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2018.04.017 Received 2 January 2018; Received in revised form 25 April 2018; Accepted 26 April 2018 obtained. High temperature WHR consists of recovering waste heat at tem- peratures greater than 400°C, the medium temperature range is 100–400 °C and the low temperature range is for temperatures less than 100 °C [2]. Usually most of the waste heat in the high temperature range comes from direct combustion processes, in the medium range from the exhaust of combustion units and in the low temperature range from parts, products and the equipment of process units [2]. It is estimated that the UK industrial sector consumes as much as 17% of the overall UK economy’s energy consumption and generates about 32% of the UK’s heat-related CO2 emissions. From this value and as can be seen from Fig. 1, 72% of the UK industrial demand is from industrial thermal processes of which 31% is classified as low tem- perature process heat [3] and almost 20% of that or 40 TWh/yr is es- timated to have potential for industrial waste heat recovery [4]. It is found that the most energy consuming industries in the UK are cement, ceramic, iron and steel, refineries, glassmaking, chemicals, paper and pulp and food and drink. These industries together contribute about £50 bn/yr to the UK’s economy [4]. This indicates that improving 2451-9049/ © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Technologies and Applications
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