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H. Jouhara et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 6 (2018) 268–289 the furnace body and the waste heat is transferred to the burner by convection from the exhaust gases. Osaka Gas [14] demonstrates that for a furnace with a temperature of 1000 °C the air can be preheated to at least 500 °C, indicating a considerable improvement of thermal ef- ficiency (see Fig. 3). 2.2. Economisers Economisers or finned tube heat exchangers that recover low – medium waste heat are mainly used for heating liquids. The system consists of tubes that is covered by metallic fins to maximise the surface area of heat absorption and the heat transfer rate [15]. The system is located in the duct carrying the exiting exhaust gases and it absorbs the waste heat by letting the hot gases pass through different sections covered by the finned tubes. Liquid is passed through the tubes and it captures heat from the finned tubes. The hot liquid is then fed back to the system, maximising and improving the thermal efficiency [16]. Based on a study conducted by Spirax Sarco [17], it is shown that if an economiser is used for a boiler system, it can increase the efficiency by 1% for every 5 °C reduction of flue gas temperature. This indicates that the fuel consumption of the system can be reduced by 5–10% with a payback period of less than 2 years [18]. Economisers recover the waste heat and improve the efficiency of a system by pre- heating the fluid in the system such as the feedwater in a steam gen- erator or a boiler, so less energy is required to achieve the boiling temperature. In another study by Maxxtec [19], it is noted that re- gardless of the design of the system, if the temperature of the flue gas is reduced by 140 °C, the fuel consumption can be reduced by 7%. It is investigated that several different types of economisers are available for different applications but they have the same functionality [20]. These designs include finned tubes, coiled tubes, non-condensing and condensing economisers. The condensing and non-condensing Fig. 2. Regenerative burner mechanism [11]. Fig. 3. Recuperative burner structure [14]. 270PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Technologies and Applications
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