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H. Jouhara et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 6 (2018) 268–289 Fig. 20. Configuration of a Kalina cycle consisting a Recuperator and Separator [103]. 2.9. Heat pumps A heat pump is a thermodynamic device which takes and transfers heat from a heat source and to a heat sink using a small amount of energy [109]. Heat pumps collect heat from air, water, or ground and are categorised as air-to-air, water source and geothermal heat pumps. Heat pumps can be used as an efficient alternative to furnaces and air conditioners to cool or heat an environment [110]. Having mention that, Chua [111] explains that heat pump systems can also be used to offer economical and efficient alternative of recovering heat from var- ious sources to improve overall energy efficiency. In this sight and as McMullan [112] describes the heat pump has become an important component in the context of WHR and energy efficient processes. A heat pump works with the same principle as refrigerators and air- conditioners, however, employs a refrigerant cycle to produce hot air and/or water by extracting heat from a heat source and passing that to an evaporator to heat the refrigerant at low pressure. This is then de- livered to a compressor to produce high pressure and temperature gas that can be delivered to a heat exchanger (condenser) [113] (see Fig. 22). Baradey [115] discusses that heat pump in particular are good for low-temperature WHR, as they give the capability to upgrade waste heat to a higher temperature and quality. This was for instance de- monstrated in a study, where, from a heat source of 45–60 °C, the heat pump delivered almost 2.5–11 times more useful energy comparing to other WHR systems used for the equal heat input [116]. Through reclaiming waste heat that is dissipated into the environ- ment and upgrading it by the means of a heat pump, a resulting useful heat can be generated and used directly for the process to reduce the energy intake and improve the overall efficiency of the system (see Fig. 23). Fig. 22. Heat pump working diagram [114]. Fig. 23. Heat pump diagram in the context of WHR [117]. 2.10. Direct electrical conversion devices Systems are also available that produce electricity directly from waste heat and eliminate the need for converting heat to mechanical energy to produce electrical energy. These technologies include the use of thermoelectric, piezoelectric, thermionic, and thermo photo voltaic (TPV) devices for electricity generation [118]. Khalid et al. [119] mentions that these technologies are not widely used in industry, however, a few have undergone prototype testing and have offered promising results. Below the technologies that were mentioned as direct electrical devices are explained. Fig. 21. Comparison of Rankine and Kalina cycles [106]. 277PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Technologies and Applications
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