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H. Jouhara et al. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 6 (2018) 268–289 Fig. 27. Low-temperature categories. Fig. 25. Schematic of a thermionic generator [137]. condense and becomes saturated as it is cooled down at a constant pressure [151]. This way, the waste heat from a low temperature pro- cess is captured, transferred through a heat exchanger and used to preheat a process or for low-temperature power generation. In addition to the technologies introduced in the previous chapter, techniques that employ units such as transport membrane condensers, direct and in- direct contact condensation recovery are also describe to be used for low-temperature WHR [152]. 3.1. Direct and indirect contact condensation recovery A direct contact condensation recovery unit works by mixing the waste exhaust gas with cooled water to produce hot water for domestic and preheating uses. As can be seen from Fig. 28, the system uses a direct mixture heat exchanger which includes a water dispenser, ex- haust inlet, exhaust outlet and hot water outlet. The flue exhaust gas and water move in counter-flow directions from the bottom and the top of the heat exchanger, respectively. This results in waste heat being transferred to the cool water, which is then stored at the bottom of the heat exchanger. The hot water can then be fed and provide heat to an external system [153]. The heat exchanger can also be used to transfer heat from immiscible liquid – liquid and solid – liquid or solid-gas [150]. A disadvantage with this system due to absence of a separating wall is the fact that particles from the flue gas can be mixed with the water, which may require filtering before exiting the heat exchanger [150,154]. Indirect contact condensation recovery on the other hand, consists of a shell and tube heat exchanger made from advanced materials such as Teflon, glass and stainless steel to minimise corrosion from acidic Fig. 28. Schematic of a direct contact condensation recovery unit [155]. Fig. 26. Operating principle of a TPV device [144]. 279PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Technologies and Applications
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