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2 WhatisGeothermalEnergy? The term “geothermal” means “Earth heat” or “heat of the Earth.” Energy from geothermal resources has benefited humankind from its earliest origins. Prehistoric civilizations used hot springs and steam discharges (fumaroles) for cooking, heating, and therapeutic bathing; in modern terms, these uses are known as geothermal direct-use applications. In the United States, geothermal energy has provided affordable, reliable, and renewable energy since the 1890s, when the city of Boise, Idaho, began using geothermal resources for direct heating of commercial and residential buildings (Mink 2017). Since then, use of geothermal energy in the United States has expanded to include utility-scale electricity production, distributed heating and cooling applications, and the augmentation of various industrial processes. Commercial geothermal electric power production began in the United States as early as September 1960, at The Geysers geothermal field in California. The Geysers remains the world’s largest geothermal field in terms of the number of operating power plants and wells, installed generation capacity, and the physical dimensions of the wellfield.14 As of 2017, the United States was the global leader in both geothermal power generation and installed capacity (International Renewable Energy Agency 2017, Hanson and Richter 2017). Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) are another key geothermal technology considered in the GeoVision analysis. GHPs have been deployed since the 1940s, supplying reliable, quiet, efficient, and cost-competitive residential space heating and cooling (Battocletti and Glassley 2013). 2.1 Geothermal Resource Classes Geothermal energy that is harnessed for both direct use and electricity generation comes from the heat that flows continuously from the Earth’s interior to the surface. This heat has been radiating from the Earth’s core for about 4.5 billion years. The temperature at the center of the Earth, about 6,500 kilometers (km) (4,000 miles) deep, is about the same as the surface of the sun (nearly 6,000°C, or about 10,800°F) (Figure 2-1). Temperature 6,000°C Distance 150,000,000 km from Earth’s surface to the sun 6,500 km from Earth’s surface to the Earth’s core Figure 2-1. A conceptualized cut-away of the Earth, showing temperature increasing with depth to the Earth’s core, where the temperature is similar to the sun 14 Since 1960, more than 400 production wells and 28 power plants have been constructed across more than 45 square miles at The Geysers, producing a total peak installed capacity of 2,034 megawatts-electric (MWe) (Calpine 2013, Calpine 2017). As of 2016, The Geysers geothermal field hosts 22 operating power plants with a total installed capacity of 1,821 MWe that is supported by 350 operating wells (California Energy Commission 2018). 10 Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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