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As illustrated in Figure 2-7, direct-use geothermal applications extend beyond geothermal district heating. Other uses include greenhouses and aquaculture (e.g., fish farming), food processing (e.g., agricultural drying and beer brewing), and industrial uses where process heat is required (e.g., pulp and paper processing, and drying of cement, aggregate, lumber, and other materials). Such applications are anticipated to hold significant potential for deployment growth in geothermal direct-use applications and the conventional hydrothermal and unconventional EGS geothermal resources that support them. Determining the market-deployment potential and impacts of these additional geothermal direct-use applications was outside of the scope of the GeoVision analysis and they are not quantified in this report. 2.2.3 Geothermal Heat Pumps U.S. residential and commercial heating and cooling demand can be met using geothermal heat pumps, typically noted as GHPs and sometimes called “ground- source heat pumps.” GHPs use the thermal storage properties of the shallow earth to provide efficient heating and cooling. Temperatures at an average depth of 30 feet remain relatively constant—between about 10°C (50°F) and 15°C (59°F). For most areas, this means that soil temperatures are usually warmer than the air in winter and cooler than the air in summer. As described in Section 2.1.3, GHP technologies make use of this consistent temperature to hold excess heat and then release it as needed. GHP systems can be used almost anywhere to heat and cool homes and buildings as well as to supply hot water. A GHP system includes 1) a ground heat exchanger, which is a group of pipes buried in the ground, immersed in a surface water body, or exchanging heat directly with groundwater; 2) an energy-delivery system such as a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system with ductwork for forced-air heating/ cooling, and/or in-floor piping for radiant heating; and 3) a heat pump, which pumps thermal energy between the delivery system and the ground heat exchanger. The ground heat exchanger transfers heat between the ground and a fluid, usually a water/antifreeze mixture. There are several types and configurations of ground heat exchangers (Figure 2-11). The majority (84%) of GHP systems in the United States use closed-loop ground heat exchangers; slightly more than half are in a vertical closed-loop configuration, and slightly less than half are in a horizontal closed-loop configuration. The remaining 16% of GHP systems use groundwater or surface water in an open- or closed-loop configuration (Lund 2001, Liu et al. 2019). Figure 2-11 illustrates closed- and open-loop systems using groundwater or surface water. The variety of loop configurations enables GHP systems to achieve efficiency and system performance while accommodating physical constraints imposed by site dimensions or infrastructure access. For example, in areas with few land-access constraints, horizontal loops at shallow depths of just a few feet can support efficient, low-cost GHP systems. In densely populated urban areas, where land access might be limited, vertical-loop configurations in wells drilled from tens of feet up to a few hundred feet can achieve similar results. 26 Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? Once installed, the ground heat exchanger is connected to a geothermal heat pump, which pumps the thermal energy from the ground into the indoor energy-delivery system in the winter months. During summer months, the system can operate in reverse, becoming an air conditioner and using the ground heat exchanger to disperse excess heat from indoors to the ground, where it is stored for use the subsequent winter. Klamath Basin Brewing Company’s Creamery Brewpub in Oregon. The brewery uses geothermal fluids from the city’s district-heating system to brew its beer. Photo credit: Ryan Cole and Paul Schwering Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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