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Closed-Loop Systems (Vertical) Closed-Loop Systems (Horizontal) Open-Loop Systems (Groundwater Wells) Closed-Loop Systems (Pond/Lake) Figure 2-11. Illustrations of commonly used closed-loop and open-loop ground heat exchangers Figure Note: The distribution of ground heat exchanger types used in GHP systems in the United States is vertical closed loop (upper left) 46%, horizontal closed loop (upper right) 38%, surface-water closed loop (bottom left) 10%, and groundwater open loop (bottom right) 6%. For illustrative purposes only. See page 39 for example photo. Figure 2-12 illustrates the simplified process for an example residential GHP system using a forced-air, HVAC energy-delivery system. Depending on the heat- pump design and system configuration, the GHP system could provide some or all of a building’s hot-water demand, using heat removed from the building (during summer) or ground (at any time) as the energy source. The installed capacity of GHP in the United States was 16,800 MWth (or 4.8 million cooling tons)35 as of 2016 (Lund and Boyd 2016). GHP use is more common in residential buildings than in commercial ones, based on a capacity ratio of 3.5:1 (Navigant 2013). About 75% of residential GHP applications are in new construction and 25% are retrofits of existing homes (Liu et al. 2019). GHPs represent about 1% of the U.S. HVAC market. Figure 2-13 illustrates the distribution of GHP shipments throughout the United States in 2009,36 with relevant climate zones indicated (EIA 2010). 2.2.4 Additional Value Streams Geothermal energy can provide additional value beyond the electric or non-electric applications discussed in previous sections. First, the process of converting geothermal energy into electricity creates byproducts that can provide additional economic value streams. For example, the fluids processed through a geothermal power plant may contain minerals whose extraction and refinement could, under appropriate market conditions, add revenue beyond the sale of electricity. As an example, recoverable lithium carbonate from 35 One cooling ton is equal to the amount of thermal energy required to melt one ton of ice in a 24-hour period (12,000 British thermal units/hour or about 3.5kWth). 36 The 2009 data reflected in Figure 2-13 are the last data available. EIA no longer tracks GHP shipments. Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? 27 Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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