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Geothermal energy is intrinsically secure because it uses a resource that is onsite, reliable, and not subject to fuel-price volatility or surface-climate conditions. 2.3.3.3 Grid Security via Black-Start Capability To come online and start providing energy to the grid, power plants typically rely on other, external sources of electricity to power startup units and control equipment. “Black start” is the ability to restart a power-generation unit without relying on such external electricity (e.g., in the event of a blackout) (DOE 2015). The black-start process essentially coordinates the restarting of designated resources that can energize the transmission system enough to bring other generators online and return the system to operation (Torres 2018). Geothermal power plants can support black-start capability by functioning as microgrids that provide generation to a power plant or portion of the electric grid without external electricity. Geothermal plants can also quickly reduce generation to meet only the load conditions essential for internal plant operations, run in that minimum condition for extended periods of time, and then ramp quickly (usually in less than five minutes) to full load to supply power back to the grid and restore other generation plants that lack the capability to black start (Tucker 2017). 2.3.3.4 Fuel Security Geothermal energy is intrinsically secure because it uses a resource that is onsite, reliable, and not subject to fuel-price volatility or surface climate conditions. Unlike other energy resources that are constrained by weather patterns or thermal generators that depend on fuel supply chains, the production of geothermal fluids from the subsurface is continuously available for power generation and geothermal direct-use applications. Geothermal power plants also effectively purchase the entire life-cycle fuel supply up front because this supply is built into the initial capital costs for drilling out the wellfield. The result is the availability of a sustainable, renewable, and practically inexhaustible fuel supply when appropriately managed (Sanyal 2010, Lowry et al. 2017).41 2.3.4 Environmental and Efficiency Benefits Geothermal energy developments offer environmental and efficiency advantages relative to other energy sources. The design of binary geothermal power systems achieves nearly 100% geofluid injection, which virtually eliminates emissions. Geothermal power production is also one of the cleanest energy generation technologies, with very low emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and fine particulate matter. For example, on a per-MWhe basis, flash geothermal power plants emit less than 4% of the sulfur dioxide of conventional coal plants and virtually none of the nitrogen oxides or fine particulate matter (Kagel et al. 2007). In the United States, geothermal electricity generation annually offsets the equivalent of 22 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, 200,000 tons of nitrogen oxides, and 110,000 tons of particulate matter from conventional coal-fired plants (Green and Nix 2006). Geothermal energy production also requires a smaller land footprint compared to many other energy-generation technologies (Figure 2-16)—404 m2 per GWhe, which is less than coal (3,642 m2), wind (1,335 m2), or solar photovoltaic (3,237 m2) (Kagel et al. 2007). With improved technologies enabling cost-effective EGS development, geothermal direct-use applications have the potential to supply vast amounts of the country’s industrial, commercial, and residential heating from geothermal district-heating systems. GHPs are superior to traditional HVAC solutions in terms of energy efficiency and the ability to provide a quiet, zero-emission heating and cooling solution with high reliability and long system life. 41 The typical length of a standard PPA is 30 years. This time frame is not necessarily coupled to geothermal reservoirs/resources, which can run for centuries (if not longer) when sustainably managed (Sanyal 2010, Lowry et al. 2017). In many instances, considerable geothermal resources are located in close proximity to U.S. Department of Defense facilities, such as military bases. The intrinsically secure attributes of geothermal resources could offer an unmatched level of reliability to military installations that is critical to national security (Sabin et al. 2004). 34 Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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