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geothermal resources share one key non-technical barrier: lack of awareness and acceptance. Wind, solar, and hydropower generation technologies are generally self-evident: wind turbines, solar panels, and hydroelectric dams are large, familiar structures that provide tangible evidence of the use of those natural resources. In contrast, the public is generally unaware that geothermal resources exist and could be used for a wide array of applications. The most publicly recognized examples of geothermal resources are erupting geysers, such as Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park or natural hot springs often associated with resorts and spas. Those features are visible and recognizable, but that alone does not readily convey the vast potential to harness geothermal resources for energy on a national scale. Where geothermal resources are used by power plants, geothermal direct-use applications, or GHP systems, the installations tend to be overlooked by the public; solar panels on a rooftop advertise the technology to passersby, whereas a GHP installation is effectively invisible. Geothermal energy infrastructure is generally low profile and has a small surface footprint, and it often blends into the surrounding environment. Although these attributes are often beneficial to geothermal stakeholders, they also contribute to low levels of awareness about geothermal energy—in turn creating a barrier to geothermal deployment. Success in geothermal development depends in part on the attitude of affected stakeholders, including members of the public, policymakers, and market participants (Pellizzoni 2010, Reith et al. 2013). Awareness and acceptance can influence policies, incentives, land access, and other features crucial to geothermal development. In fact, many barriers to successful renewable projects at the implementation level can be considered manifestations of a lack of social acceptance (Wüstenhagen et al. 2007). For example, the public may not have a clear understanding of EGS projects and/or induced seismicity, which could lead to lower acceptance for future EGS projects. Research on social acceptance for geothermal projects has mostly occurred internationally, such as in Europe (e.g., ENGINE 2007, Leuch et al. 2010, Reith et al. 2013, Pellizzone et al. 2015), Australia (Dowd et al. 2010, Romanach and Carr-Cornish 2013), Indonesia (Shoedarto et al. 2016), and Japan (Kubota 2015). Pellizzone et al. (2015) looked at social acceptance of geothermal energy in Italy and concluded that the public’s awareness of and optimism for geothermal was much lower than that for solar and wind energy (Figure 2-18). In contrast, the extensive U.S.-specific data on social acceptance has focused primarily on other renewable technologies, such as solar and wind (e.g., Lago et al. 2009, Tegen and Lantz 2012, International Energy Agency Wind 2013, Hoen 2015, Pattern Development 2015). One U.S.-based study that was directly related to geothermal energy was a 2005 analysis that focused on public comments about National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents for eight geothermal project sites. The comments were assessed to provide a sense of the level of public input and primary areas of concern. Comments most often came from agencies, 54% 12% 28% Solar Energy Wind Energy Biomass Energy GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Nuclear Energy 6% 6% 5% 46% 16% 32% 24% 21% 22% 33% 18% 18% 23% 42% 8% 68% 18% positive negative no effects don’t know Figure 2-18. Acceptance of renewable energy technologies based on a social acceptance survey conducted in Italy by Pellizzone et al. (2015) Figure Note: Results show that, in Italy, solar and wind energy technologies are more accepted than geothermal, despite Italy having the first operating geothermal power plant in the world (Larderello, operating since 1911 in Southern Tuscany). 40 Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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