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Many states have also enacted policies to support the development of renewable energy. State policies include renewable portfolio standards and other programs that require a certain amount of electricity to be purchased from renewable sources. Some of these policies may include set-asides to incentivize specific renewable technologies; these set-aside programs have been successful in supporting the development of solar and wind energy projects, but they have not been used to support geothermal development.50 Limited geothermal generation has been procured under state renewable portfolio standards (Lofthouse et al. 2015). For example, more than 12.5 GWe of renewables were procured under California’s renewable portfolio standard from 2003 to 2013, yet only 100 MWe (less than 1%) were from geothermal power (Lofthouse et al. 2015). Permitting/Land Access: Development Timelines Federal Lease Processing: Regulatory agency staff funding and/or availability to approve and process geothermal lease nominations may extend development timelines, particularly when involving a separate federal surface land management agency that must provide a “concurrence” to authorize the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to lease the subsurface geothermal resource. Geothermal lease nominations for projects proposed on federal surface lands not managed by the BLM must receive approval from the surface land management agency (43 CFR § 3201.10(a)(2)) and complete an environmental review process under NEPA for both the surface land management agency and the BLM (generally in the form of a single NEPA review) before the BLM can conduct a lease sale.51 In practice, this period lasts 1–4 years and is assisted by tiering52 to the 2008 Geothermal Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement.53 As an example, the U.S. Forest Service has previously experienced a backlog of geothermal lease nominations. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005)54 established requirements for a program to reduce the backlog of Forest Service geothermal lease nominations by 90% within a 5-year period (EPAct 2005, Sec. 225). As of 2014, the BLM and the Forest Service had expended all funding under EPAct Sec. 225 and successfully completed processing the backlog of geothermal lease nominations. However, the possibility that geothermal lease nomination backlogs could occur again in the future remains. Funding for geothermal activities requiring Forest Service approval is included in the agency’s minerals and geology line item,55 which historically has accounted for less than 1% of the Forest Service annual budget (Witherbee et al. 2013). In addition, geothermal activity56 is taking place in less than 10% of National Forests (11 of 154), resulting in competition for Forest Service staff time and resources. Although not unique to geothermal, firefighting and other development activities (e.g., timber harvesting) generally have received priority in department-level staffing and budgeting decisions. As a result, limited staff time is available to review geothermal lease nominations and can prevent the associated lands from becoming available for leasing for an extended period of time. 50 State renewable portfolio standards generally do not have specific requirements or set-asides for geothermal generation similar to those often applied to other forms of renewable generation, primarily solar. 51 The BLM administers geothermal lease sales on federal land, although both the Bureau and the surface-managing agency must satisfy NEPA requirements. 52 Tiering refers to “the coverage of general matters in broader environmental impact statements (such as national program or policy statements) with subsequent narrower statements or environmental analysis...incorporating by reference the general discussions and concentrating solely on the issues specific to the statement subsequently prepared” (40 CFR § 1508.28). 53 The Geothermal Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement helped to reduce time from geothermal nomination to lease sale (BLM and U.S. Forest Service 2008). 54 Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Pub. L. 109-58). 199 Stat. 594. 55 The Forest Service does not have a geothermal-specific budget line item to provide concurrence for geothermal lease nominations. 56 Geothermal activity refers to an expressed interest in leasing, an active lease, or installed wells or generating facilities. Chapter 2 | What is Geothermal Energy? 43 A plant chemist samples silica concentrations from a geothermal injection brine line. Photo credit: Jeff Winick/Allegheny Science and Technology Chapter 2PDF Image | What is Geothermal Energy
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