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ICESW IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Enginee1ri2n3g44516378(920‘1’8“)” 012019 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/413/1/012019 For supercritical Rankine cycles utilizing wet or dry fluids, the turbine intake temperature must be sufficiently high to avoid the double phase region as shown in Figure 2 by propyne, a dry fluid, pentane, a wet fluid [13]. If the temperatures are sufficiently high, the expansion process does not go through the double phase state represented by the dashed lines in figures 2a & b. On the contrary, wet fluids are less affected by superheating after the expansion. Fig. 2: T–s diagram of working fluids at supercritical levels for a dry and a wet fluid. (a) Pentane. (b) Propyne [13] Patrick et al.. [29] in Chen [13] was mentioned to discover that wet fluids subcool and nucleate in rapid succession to form a double phase fluid, which characteristically delimits the performance and life of the turbine. On the contrary however, dry fluids passing through the two-phase region as referenced, was established by Shu et al. [30] to have inconsequential effect on the performance and life of the turbine. Bahrami et al., [31] projected the suitable thermo-physical characteristics for good organic working fluids and using all of them as the criteria for the selection of the best appropriate fluid in their work, they concluded that the procedure was a rather complicated one. Chen et al. [13] in his review referring to the proposition of Galloni et al. [32] that working fluids with high latent heat, low specific heat and high density are expected to deliver higher turbine work output with smaller equipment setup for fixed operating conditions. Chen et al. [13] however stated that Richard et al. [33] differed that low latent heat fluids were otherwise more desirable; reasoning that saturated vapor condition at the turbine intake presented best operating condition. Chen et al. [13] hence showed a theoretical inquiry by combining Clausius–Clapayron relation, 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑑𝑇 𝐿 𝑇∆𝑉 , ideal gas law, 𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇, and the widely accepted equation of enthalpy drop, 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑃 ∆h 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 to arrive at: ∆h𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 = 𝐶 𝑇 [1 − (𝑝𝑑𝑖𝑠)𝛾−1⁄𝛾] (1) 𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝐿(1−1) = 𝐶𝑝 [1 − 𝑒𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 𝑇2 ] (2) He showed that substituting the ideal gas equation into Clausius–Clapayron equation and then integrating yields: 𝑙𝑛 𝑃2 = 𝐿 ( 1 − 1 ) (3) 𝑃1 𝑅 𝑇1 𝑇2 This in fact depicts that for T1 and T2 fixed by the temperature of the heat source and ambient temperature respectively, the pressure ratio is a function of only the latent heat. Chen [13] however supported that from the equation of enthalpy drop, working fluids with higher latent heat gave higher unit work output but on the contrary, from the said equation, higher heat capacity rather the high latent heat fluids appear to correspond to higher unit work output. Borsukiewicz-gozdur & Nowak, [34] in their studies on the contrary recommended that to maintain the low latent heat criterion for the working fluid, a working fluid with critical point mildly above the heat source temperature should selected for a subcritical cycle in order to maintain the smallest possible latent heat of vapourization. According to their studies, the critical temperature of working fluids has a vital effect on the effectiveness of operation of ORC cycle and the power output in particular. They maintained that low latent heat of evaporation is however the most desirable feature which is sustained by the fact that the latent heat of evaporation reduces when the critical point is approached. How closely from a practical point of view can 4PDF Image | Working Fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Applications
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