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ICESW IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Enginee1ri2n3g44516378(920‘1’8“)” 012019 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/413/1/012019 The top left-hand corner in Figure 7 above shows the region of excessively large expansion ratio while the down right-hand corner is the region of too high volume flow rate. Figure 8: Radial inflow turbine operating map [42] Of all the fluids investigated, only R123 and R245fa showed capacity to achieve desirable cycle performances. R245fa operates at superatmospheric pressure at condenser temperature of 40°C eliminating the possibility of infiltration of non-condensable gases into the condenser [31] and it is the most utilized working fluid in ORC experiments and the most considered for waste heat recovery applications [43]. 3 Effects of Critical Temperature on Working Fluids Pre-selection The critical temperature is a function of the strength of the intermolecular interactions that binds the molecules of a substance together as a liquid but it sets a limit on the evaporation temperature in subcritical cycles and also determines the temperature glide in zeotropic mixtures. According to [44], the comparatively high critical temperature, high thermal stability and low vapour pressure characterize the suitability of organic fluids for ORC applications. High critical temperature working fluids have been found to be essential to maintain ORC systems within the subcritical range and to avoid disintegration of the organic working fluids at the elevated temperatures of waste exhaust gases [45]. Low critical temperature fluids perform better for supercritical cycles [46], however, the chemical stability of organic working fluids operating on supercritical cycle also depends on their critical temperatures because of the tendency to degenerate with high degree of superheat. High critical temperature permits high turbine inlet temperature fluids to expand to lower pressures at the turbine exit, hence larger enthalpy difference to deliver more power [47] but are however, subatmospheric at ambient temperature [42] which exposes the condenser to the possibility of infiltration of non-condensable gases. Saadatfar et al., [48] from similar investigation of a number of working fluids based on the correlation between critical temperature of working fluids and the cycle efficiency likewise reported that higher critical temperature produces higher efficiency but lower condensing pressure and hence proposed classification of working fluids as a function of their critical temperature by means of acentric factor and molecular complexity parameters. High critical temperature organic fluids, generally with low condensing pressures, exhibit volume ratio (ratio of the specific volume at the turbine outlet to the specific volume at the inlet during an isentropic expansion) as high as 200 to 300. The specific volume range is undesirable for the cycle architecture because the high volume flow rates require bigger size turbine resulting in low rotational speeds well below 300 rpm and thus require multi-pole generator [2]. Also, working fluid with higher critical temperature exhibits lesser optimal evaporating pinch point and greater optimal condensing pinch point [49]. The optimal evaporating temperatures of different working fluids was observed to display an increasing relationship with increasing critical temperature, but on the other hand, the optimal condensing temperatures had no significant effect. This accordingly was an 8PDF Image | Working Fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Applications
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