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Quadrennial Technology Review 2015 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle Chapter 4: Technology Assessments Introduction The vast majority of electric power generation for the grid is accomplished by coupling a thermal power cycle to a heat source. The nature and configuration of the thermal power cycle is designed so as to give as efficient power production as is economically attractive. Much of the DOE R&D portfolio is focused on improving the overall efficiency and economics of electric power generation. To that end, there are three primary areas of focus for R&D to improve electric power generation efficiency: (1) increasing the fraction of the energy in the heat source that can be harvested for use in the thermal power cycle; (2) increasing the intrinsic efficiency of the thermal power cycle; and (3) decreasing the parasitic power requirement for the balance of plant (BOP). As will be discussed further below, the first two focus areas cannot be pursued in isolation as they are often antagonistic. For example, recuperative heat exchange within the thermal power cycle can often lead to a higher cycle efficiency but this may be at the expense of decreasing the amount of heat that can be transferred into the cycle and lowering the overall process efficiency. Most of the thermal power cycles in commercial operation are either air-breathing direct-fired open Brayton cycles (i.e., gas turbines) or indirect-fired closed Rankine cycles which use water as a working fluid (typical in pulverized coal and nuclear power plants). Within each group are a myriad of potential configurations that vary in size and complexity. For any application, the best thermal power cycle will depend on the specific nature of the application and heat source. In addition to these conventional thermal power cycles, cycles based on other working fluids can be considered. In particular, the Brayton cycle based on supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) as the working fluid is an innovative concept for converting thermal energy to electrical energy. Numerous studies have shown that these sCO2 power cycles have the potential to attain significantly higher cycle efficiencies than either a conventional steam Rankine cycle or even the state-of-the-art ultra-supercritical (USC) steam Rankine cycle.1,2,3 Higher cycle efficiency will automatically lead to lower fuel cost, lower water usage, and in the case of fossil fuel heat sources, lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Further, the sCO2 cycles operate at high pressures throughout the cycle, resulting in a working fluid with a high density which may lead to smaller equipment sizes, smaller plant footprint, and therefore lower capital cost. Achieving the full benefits of the sCO2 cycle will depend on overcoming a number of engineering and materials science challenges that impact both the technical feasibility of the cycle as well as its economic viability. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the main R&D challenges arise from the very factors that lead to higher cycle efficiency. These include the use of: (1) elevated pressures throughout the cycle; (2) large duty heat exchangers to minimize the energy lost in cooling the working fluid; and (3) CO2 as the working fluid. R&D will be needed to develop high efficiency CO2 expansion turbines. These turbines offer the promise of relatively 1 QuadrennialTechnologyReview2015PDF Image | Advancing Clean Electric Power Technologies
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